摘要:

If the history of physics is to be classified according to the relationship between our accumulation of information on nature and our understanding of this information, one can distinguish three kinds of periods. In the first, these two aspects of science are even, and the new information is fairly promptly digested in terms of existing theoretical schemes. In the second type of situation, the information obtained is basically new in terms of the theory which becomes inadequate to explain it: a crisis develops. Finally, in the third kind of period, a theoretical “break‐through” is achieved, which then quickly makes sense of all the previously accumulated information, and even beyond that makes a multitude of predictions which keeps experimental physics busy for some time.

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3057852

出版商:AIP    

年代:1962

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Two Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs (COSWA for short) were held in England in 1962. The ninth conference was held in Cambridge in August, the tenth conference in London in September. The two meetings were very different in purpose and in character. The ninth conference followed the tradition set by earlier meetings. It was small, informal, and concentrated on a particular subject, in this case “Problems of Disarmament and World Security”. The tenth conference broke with tradition in every respect. It was large, formal, and scattered over a variety of topics. Those people who attended both meetings were unanimous in declaring that the ninth was not only pleasanter but much more useful. However, there was a legitimate reason for making the tenth conference big and formal. It was intended that the tenth conference should guide the policies to be followed by the international continuing committee which organizes the Pugwash meetings. So the continuing committee reported to the tenth conference on the work the committee has done over the last five years, and the conference formally elected a new continuing committee representing a wider group of countries than the old one. A policy statement was adopted, requiring the continuing committee to organize only small specialized meetings for the next four or five years, at the end of which time another big formal meeting may be called to review policy and re‐elect the committee. So the tenth conference performed a necessary function in enabling a large group of people to take formal responsibility for the future of the Pugwash movement. Apart from this, the high point of the tenth conference was the personal appearance of Bertrand Russell, who opened the proceedings with a wise and witty speech and received a standing ovation.

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3057853

出版商:AIP    

年代:1962

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

During an airport stopover in Europe recently, I had the pleasure of seeing again my two friends, the twin brothers Fritz U. Einwand and Hans W. Einwand. They still looked alike, to the same degree that used to confuse me when I saw them across the net of a tennis court in Ann Arbor—and to the same degree, no doubt, that prompted their parents to give them their humorous middle names. I learned that they had become famous in the field of hotel management by contributing a sound mathematical development, based on studies made in their home country, Ergodia. The twins kindly loaned me a copy of a recent comprehensive report on their work.

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3057854

出版商:AIP    

年代:1962

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The Sixteenth Annual Frequency Control Symposium, sponsored by the Solid State and Frequency Control Division of the U.S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories, was held on April 25, 26, and 27, 1962, in Atlantic City, N.J. Participating in the proceedings were over 500 representatives of industry, government agencies, and universities, from both the U.S. and abroad. Among the foreign nations represented were Germany, England, France, Canada, Sweden, and Japan.

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3057855

出版商:AIP    

年代:1962

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The development of American astronomy over the last quarter century has been chiefly characterized by the construction of larger and larger telescopes. The size and diversity of those covering the visible spectrum have increased steadily over the period. The radio spectrum has been studied since the war, with telescopes now approaching the size of a football field. Most recently, designs for “space” telescopes, extending the spectral coverage to the far‐ultraviolet and x‐ray regions, fill the imaginations of virtually all astronomy and “space” departments. The accompanying conceptual investigations have been mainly attempts to understand the evolutionary development of stars and stellar systems—on the one hand, by surveying greater volumes of space in more minute detail, and, on the other hand, by close collaboration with nuclear physics to study the interrelation between possible nuclear‐energy sources and stellar structure, along the various evolutionary tracks.

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3057856

出版商:AIP    

年代:1962

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

For the past five years the American Institute of Physics has sponsored a series of visits by various physicists to a number of universities and colleges. One of the purposes of these visits is to acquaint the students and faculty of these institutions with some of the results of current researches. While discussing the present, questions are inevitably raised about the future of physics. Faculty and students, for different reasons and from different vantage points, appear extremely interested in the subject. The following text was written with this subject and this audience in mind. The lecture was never delivered as such, although many of the ideas expressed here were discussed in several of the lectures actually given.

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3057857

出版商:AIP    

年代:1962

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Modern technology makes exacting and varied demands of materials, and the ancient art of ceramics has not remained immune from the impact of these demands. Traditionally, the development of ceramics has been primarily an empirical process; the complexity of these systems, and of the processing techniques used to fabricate them, has largely precluded the possibility of that rigorous control of experimental conditions necessary to the attainment of unambiguous results. Recently, however, studies of systems compositionally and structurally less complex than the traditional ceramics (for example, single crystals) have revealed additional properties of this class of materials which can be usefully exploited. Many of these studies have been carried out by physicists, and this work has grown into a discipline within what is now known as solid‐state physics.

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3057858

出版商:AIP    

年代:1962

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3057861

出版商:AIP    

年代:1962

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3057864

出版商:AIP    

年代:1962

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3057865

出版商:AIP    

年代:1962

数据来源: AIP