摘要:

Objectives.  The Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief IPQ) is a commonly used questionnaire that aims to assess patients' illness beliefs. There is, however, no direct information on how people interpret and respond to this questionnaire, nor on the nature and extent of problems people have when completing it. The present study describes the problems that patients encounter when completing the Brief IPQ.Design.  Cross‐sectional observational study.Methods.  A ‘think‐aloud’ method was employed with two samples: 6 patients attending a preoperative exercise programme in secondary care, and 11 patients receiving physiotherapy in primary care.Results.  In total, 88 problems were identified, mostly (N= 45) consisted of participants rereading a question or stumbling in reading it. In 8 cases, participants misinterpreted a question. The pattern of findings was striking similar across the two samples. The questions about identity, personal control, illness coherence, and causal attributions yielded most difficulties (18, 16, 16, and 11 problems, respectively).Conclusions.  Given that the Brief IPQ assesses each construct with a single item, the number of problems people have with completing it is particularly problematic, and calls into question the content validity of this measure. Further developmental work with this questionnaire may be needed to better quantify and resolve the pr

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910710X500819

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This commentary describes the methodological shortcomings and the misleading presentation of the ‘think‐aloud’ Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ) paper by van Oort, Schröder,&French (2011). We highlight that this paper uses a confusing Dutch translation of the scale, fabricates incorrect instructions, and employs a sample in which the majority of patients do not have established illness diagnoses. We believe these problematic methodological issues are the likely cause of the results presented in the paper. We argue that the conclusions of the paper are inaccurate, unsupported, and overstated given the limitations of the study. Furthermore, the think‐aloud method cannot be a substitute for the established psychometric methods for assessing reliability and

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02021.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this reply to Broadbent, Kaptein, and Petrie's commentary, we agree that our ‘think aloud’ study has limitations. However, we consider that the commentary goes too far in claiming these invalidate our findings. The authors of this commentary cite as a major limitation our use of a Dutch translation of the Brief IPQ. However, their reservations about this translation were not sufficient to prevent them from attempting to publish a paper describing the extended process behind its translation and validation. In contrast to the claims made, we consider that the Brief IPQ has poor concurrent validity, content validity is neglected, and no evidence is provided regarding discriminant validity. Our conclusions are described as ‘overstated’—but we consider that calling into question the content validity of the Brief IPQ is fairly temperate, given the lack of attention it has received. Further, we cannot see how anyone could reasonably disagree with ‘further developmental work with this questionnaire may be needed to better quantify and resolve the problems identified’—to do so it is to claim that the Brief IPQ is perfect! In sum, we think a more constructive response from the authors of this critique would be to engage with our observations, to improv

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02020.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives.  This study (N= 139) explored whether two measures that capture non‐reflective processing (viz. a self‐report measure of impulsivity and a behavioural measure of implicit self‐control) would contribute to the prediction of dietary behaviour over and above cognitive predictors specified by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB).Methods.  Four dimensions of impulsivity were measured at Time 1. Implicit self‐control was measured at Time 2, alongside TPB predictors relating to the avoidance of high‐calorie snacks. At Time 3, participants reported their snacking behaviour over the previous 2 weeks.Results.  Results revealed that both impulsivity and implicit self‐control significantly contributed to the prediction of snacking behaviour over and above the TPB predictors.Conclusions.  It was concluded that the predictive utility of models such as the TPB might be augmented by the inclusion of variables that capture non‐reflective i

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910710X498688

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives.  To investigate the role of physician and patient characteristics in determining risk perceptions and decision making in a hypothetical case where confidentiality may need to be broken to protect the partner of a patient who is infected with HIV. To identify if risk perceptions mediate the relation between physician and patient characteristics and confidentiality decisions.Design.  Analysis of a sample of 207 Irish general practitioners (GPs) randomly assigned to one of four experimental vignette conditions.Methods.  A single vignette scenario was presented to each GP within which a hypothetical male HIV patient was depicted as unwilling to disclose his HIV status to his partner. The hypothetical patient's use of protection (used, not used) and sexual orientation (heterosexual, homosexual) were varied systematically. GPs then estimated the risk the patient posed to the partner and the likelihood that they would break confidentiality to inform the partner of the patient's HIV status.Results.  Less experienced GPs and those who had broken confidentiality in the past were likely to indicate they would break confidentiality in response to the presented scenario. GPs were more likely to inform the partner when protection was not used during intercourse and when the relationship was heterosexual rather than homosexual. Risk perceptions partially mediated the relationship between the patient's use of protection and confidentiality decision ratings but did not explain the association between GP characteristics or patient sexuality and decision making.Conclusion.  Physician background characteristics and HIV patient sexual practice and orientation are associated with hypothetical partner notification decisions. The perceived risk to the partner only partially explained the relation between patient use of protection and decisi

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910710X498714

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objective.  The relationship between recurrent headache and reduced psychological well‐being among adolescents has been well documented. Evidence also suggests that headache is associated with greater impediment to successful goal pursuits, which in turn is related to reduced well‐being. The aim of this study was to investigate both the independent and interactive effects of headache and self‐regulatory processes on daily positive and negative affect.Design and methods.  In order to be able to investigate both concurrent and prospective relationships a daily diary design was employed. Independent variables were headache occurrence, daily goal frustration, and strategies to cope with these setbacks. Dependent variables were daily negative and positive affect. Eighty‐nine adolescents from the general population aged 13–21 completed an on‐line diary for 3 weeks. Data were analysed using multi‐level modelling.Results.  Negative affect was related to same day headache occurrence, high daily goal frustration, rumination, catastrophizing, other blame, and low coping efficacy beliefs. Furthermore, in the context of headache, coping efficacy appears to buffer the effects of goal frustration on same day negative affect. Negative affect on the next day was predicted by high daily goal frustration, rumination, catastrophizing, and low coping efficacy. In contrast, positive affect was related to no same day headache occurrence; low daily goal frustration, and high acceptance, positive refocusing, and coping efficacy. Positive affect on the following day was related to low daily goal frustration, rumination, and high positive refocusing.Conclusions.  Daily goal frustration and cognitive coping strategies may provide important targets for interventions aimed at adolescent with reduced well

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910710X500828

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives.  There is increasing recognition of the links between mindfulness, decreased stress, and healthier psychological functioning. However, the majority of this research has been conducted in US samples and the mechanisms through which mindfulness decreases stress and increases well‐being are not well understood. The aim of this study was to examine the relations between mindfulness and psychological functioning in a general population sample in Sweden.Design.  This cross‐sectional study examined the association of mindfulness and five subscales of mindfulness with depression, anxiety, positive states of mind (PSOM), and perceived health.Methods.  In the spring of 2007, a random population‐based sample ofN= 1,000 individuals aged 18–60 years in Sweden was contacted by mail with a request to participate in the study.Results.  Mindfulness and some of its subscales, in particularActing with awarenessandNon‐reactivity to inner experiences, were strongly related to PSOM and perceived health, and inversely related to depression and anxiety. Tests of the moderating role of mindfulness showed that the associations of perceived stress with depression and perceived health were diminished for those with higher levels of mindfulness.Conclusions.  Mindfulness is strongly related to well‐being and perceived health. Results suggest that dispositional mindfulness might buffer against the negative influence of perceived stress on psychological well‐being. These findings give additional support for the use of mindfulness training as a way of improving psychological functioning among peo

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910710X501683

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objective.  To examine whether high levels of self‐efficacy for problem‐focused coping were significantly related to several resting BP measures in spousal Alzheimer's disease caregivers.Design.  Cross‐sectional.Methods.  Participants included 100 older caregivers (mean age = 73.8 ± 8.14 years) providing in home care for a spouse with Alzheimer's disease. All participants completed a 13‐item short form of the Coping Self‐Efficacy Scale and underwent an in‐home assessment where a visiting nurse took the average of three serial BP readings. Multiple regression was used to examine the relationship between self‐efficacy and mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP) after controlling for age, gender, smoking history, body mass index, the care recipient's clinical dementia rating, diabetes, alcohol use, and the use of antihypertensive medications.Results.  Overall, high levels of self‐efficacy for problem‐focused coping were associated with lower MAP, SBP, and PP. Self‐efficacy for problem‐focused coping was marginally associated with resting DBP, but not significant. In addition, we conducted secondary analyses of the other two self‐efficacy scales to explore the relationship between each dimension and MAP. We found that there were no significant relationships found between MAP and self‐efficacy for stopping unpleasant thoughts/emotions or self‐efficacy for getting social support.Conclusions.  The present study adds to the current body of literature by illustrating the possibility that higher self‐efficacy can have physiological advantages, perhaps by buffering chronic stress's impact on resting BP. Another contribution of the current study is its attempt to understand the role of each individual component of self‐efficacy. These findings invite future research to investigate whether caregivers might experience cardiovascular benefits from inte

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910710X504932

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objective.  To explore the nature and management of needle‐related distress in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF).Design.  Qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews.Methods.  Fourteen child–parent dyads took part. Children (5 male; 9 female) had a mean age of 12.4 years (range 7–17) and were mostly diagnosed with CF at birth (N= 11). Frequency of needle procedures ranged from once to six times a year. Parents (3 male; 11 female) had a mean age of 41.5 years and were from a variety of socio‐economic backgrounds. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.Results.  Most participants identified previous needle experiences and pain as related to their needle anxiety. Over half of parents and children considered ‘taking control’ to be the optimum coping strategy. The majority of parents and children thought inhaled nitrous oxide gas during needle procedures was helpful in managing needle‐related distress. Parent and staff influences on needle‐related distress are also examined.Conclusions.  Needle‐related distress in children with CF has a substantial impact on children and their parents, and may lead to management problems and treatment refusal. Psychological and pharmacological interventions could reduc

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910710X506895

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives.  This study explored the interactive effects of dispositional threat orientation, type of message, and having children on reactions to a message about exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) in plastics.Design.  The study used a 2 (message: Fear Arousal or Plain)×2 (parenting status: child or no child)×2 (threat orientation: high or low) mixed factorial design.Methods.  Adults (N= 200) recruited via the Internet completed measures of threat orientations, reported whether they were a parent, and read either a low or high fear‐arousal message about the risks of BPA exposure. They then completed measures of reactions to the message (perceived susceptibility to BPA effects, negative emotions, and behavioural intentions to engage in protection).Results.  Depending on threat orientations, the fear arousal version of the message and parenthood had strikingly different effects, ranging from no effect (for those high in a control‐based approach) to prompting change (for those low in a control‐based approach) to counterproductive (for those high in an optimistic denial approach).Conclusions.  These findings suggest that considering individual differences and their interactions with situational factors could improve both the predictive ability of threat protection theories and the delivery of messages intended to

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910710X509630

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY