摘要:

Purpose. This paper reviews the relationship between psychological factors and recurrent genital herpes simplex virus (HSV).Method. Studies for the review were selected via computerized literature searches and were included if they specifically examined the relationship between genital HSV recurrence and psychological factors. Twenty‐nine studies addressing this relationship are evaluated and discussed.Findings. Factors reported to be associated with recurrences include depression, stress, coping strategies, social support and illness vulnerability. However, findings are inconsistent due to variations in study design.Conclusions. In general, the literature suggests that exposure to psychological stressors alone is not sufficient to trigger HSV recurrence. Although a correlation between psychological factors and number of recurrences exists, it may be that recurrences cause greater stress and depression, or that a third factor puts people at greater risk of both stress and recurrences. Personality traits, coping mechanisms and interpersonal factors, also determine the extent of the impact of the stressor on the individual. Further studies are needed to address these factors and control for the variations in designs found in the current literatur

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1998.tb00567.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. Pre‐operative relaxation has been reported to reduce pain complaints and analgesic requirement during convalescence on the surgical ward. These are questionable indices of recovery because the nurse‐patient relationship constrains patients' readiness to complain of pain. Analgesic requirement immediately postoperatively, before the patient returns to the ward, is more likely to reflect patients' pain state.Design. A randomized comparison of effects of relaxation instructions on analgesic use immediately post‐operatively and subsequently, using background information about the hospital as a control procedure.Methods. Patients (N=118) were randomly allocated to receive audiotaped relaxation instructions or a control tape before abdominal surgery. Analgesic usage was monitored during surgery, immediately after surgery (in the recovery room) and following return to the surgical ward. In addition, self‐report measures were used during recovery on the surgical ward.Results. Relaxation reduced pain complaints and analgesic usage on the surgical ward by comparison with the information group, but led to increased analgesic administration by theatre staff immediately post‐operatively.Conclusion. We suggest that effects on the surgical ward may have resulted from reduced willingness to complain of pain in the relaxed group and that, immediately post‐operatively, an increase in pain in this group may have resulted from an effect of relaxation to impair pre‐operative mental preparation. The results show the inherent ambiguity of analgesic use as an indicato

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1998.tb00568.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. To explore the hypothesized mediating effects of cognitions and emotional distress on the pain‐disability relationship.Design. Pain (McGill Pain Questionnaire), disability (Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire), emotional distress (General Health Questionnaire 28) and Locus of Control (Multidimensional Health Locus of Control) were examined by MANOVA for differences between admission to a pain rehabilitation programme and follow‐up and by correlation to examine inter‐relationships. Stepwise multiple regressions tested for the significant predictors of disability on admission and follow‐up and proportional change.Methods. Seventy‐three patients met the criteria for inclusion (age between 16 and 65 years, low back pain for six months, English speaker). Fifty‐four patients were available for follow‐up. Patients attended a three‐week programme based on cognitive behavioural principles. Data were collected by self‐report on admission to the programme and at three‐month follow‐up.Results. At follow‐up, disability, pain and emotional distress were all found to have improved. Admission, follow‐up and proportional change scores showed no correlation between pain and disability at any stage. However, distress and internal Locus of Control (IHLC) were related to disability and distress was also related to pain. Multiple regressions showed that IHLC and distress predicted disability on admission and follow‐up. Distress predicted the proportional change in disability.Conclusions. No direct relationship was found between pain and disability. It appeared that IHLC modified, and emotional distress mediated, the p

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1998.tb00569.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. We tested the hypothesis that compared with patients with low health anxiety those with high health anxiety would perceive and recall reassurance given by a physician as less reassuring than the physician reported giving.Design. A quasi‐experimental repeated measures design; three time periods (immediate, one month and one year post‐consultation) in three groups of patients (totalN= 50) defined by a ternary split on a questionnaire.Methods. Patients' health anxiety was measured prior to gastroscopic investigation and consultation with a physician for unexplained symptoms. All the investigations were negative for serious pathology. Immediately after consultation the physician and patients rated the given and perceived reassurance message on a five‐point scale describing the probability of there being something seriously wrong. Patients repeated their ratings at one month and one year.Results. Patients in the high‐health anxiety group were more likely to recall the reassurance given as less certain that there was nothing seriously wrong with them than were either the low or medium groups immediately post‐consultation. This difference persisted after one month but not one year later.Conclusions. These data provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that high health anxiety may bias the perception and recall of reassurance‐related

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1998.tb00570.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. To investigate, within a stress and coping framework, the existence, extent and predictors of psychological distress in a sample of men with a diagnosis of sole male factor infertility.Design. A cross‐sectional design was used to investigate correlates of distress.Method. Questionnaires were sent to 130 men with a diagnosis of sole male factor infertility who were attending a specialist infertility clinic for primary infertility. Fifty‐one men responded, giving a 39 per cent response rate. In addition to completing the Beck Depression Inventory, State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale, Ways of Coping Questionnaire and a measure of infertility‐related distress, participants also provided data concerning their age, their partner's age, and the duration and severity of infertility.Results. There was evidence for elevated depression and state anxiety in some infertile males. Three significant predictors of depression were identified: an anxious disposition, a tendency to appraise situations as stressful and an avoidant coping style. In relation to state anxiety two predictors were identified: trait anxiety and failure to seek social support.Conclusions. Male infertility is perceived as stressful and can be associated with a greater risk of psychopathology in some cases, particularly for those men with an enduringly anxious disposition, an inability to seek social support and those who engage in avoidance coping strategies. Identification of factors predictive of distress will enable professionals to effectively direct psychological interventions to vulnerable indi

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1998.tb00571.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. To replicate research from the 1980s that consistently found people to attribute negative moods experienced in the premenstrual phase to the menstrual cycle but positive moods to other factors such as work and to extend the research to examine community samples of different age groups.Methods. Four groups of women: under 18 years, 18–34 years, 35–54 years and over 55s were presented with four vignettes of a woman in either a positive or negative mood and in either the premenstrual phase or the middle of her cycle.Results. Two‐way split plot MANOVA and subsequentpost hocanalyses revealed findings consistent with earlier studies but group differences emerged. The under 18s did not differ in their mood attributions and between‐group analyses revealed that they were significantly more likely to attribute premenstrual positive moods to the menstrual cycle than the other groups.Conclusions. These findings suggest that the younger generation of British women today may hold more positive attitudes towards the menstrua

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1998.tb00572.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. The predictive strength of the theory of reasoned action (TRA; Fishbein&Ajzen, 1975) was compared with that of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) in relation to doctors' intentions to request hospital autopsies as a function of job control, the amount of workplace autonomy an individual possesses. Past behaviour was also taken into account.Design. Two groups of doctors took part: lower grade doctors (N= 70, house officers, senior house officers, and registrars) where job control (or work autonomy) is low, and senior doctors (N= 48, senior registrars and consultants) who possess greater job control.Method. Both groups were mailed a questionnaire measuring past behaviour, attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intentions relating to requesting hospital autopsies.Results. Among lower grade doctors, perceived behavioural control strongly predicted intentions, whereas among senior doctors this association was weaker. In addition, we found that past behaviour independently predicted intentions among senior doctors.Conclusions. In circumstances of high behavioural control the TPB collapses to the TRA, and past behaviour is likely to have an independent influence on intentions in situations of high behavioural control where routine behaviour has developed.

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1998.tb00573.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. The study aimed to investigate in depth the personal constructs relating to exercise of individuals referred by their medical practitioner for a 10‐week gym‐based exercise programme. It further aimed to study the expectations of change on these constructs and the extent to which these predicted adherence. A subsidiary aim was to evaluate the usefulness of repertory grid methodology in the exercise context.Design. This was a longitudinal study.Methods. Participants were interviewed at the start of the 10‐week exercise programme. During the interview they completed repertory grids designed to elicit constructs about exercise‐related change. Participants were followed up at three months to check adherence.Results. Three illustrative individual case studies are presented in detail followed by some aggregated analyses. These suggest that expectations of change were very diverse and often overoptimistic. Those who completed their course of exercise had more modest expectations of change than those who failed to complete. They also showed less gulf between their current view of themselves and their view of themselves as they would like to be.Conclusions. The study suggests that having realistic aims and understanding of the outcomes that can be expected from a brief exercise programme is an important predictor of success, but one that may currently be overlooked in the enthusiasm to implement exercise prescription

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1998.tb00574.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:The Clinical Psychologist's Handbook of Epilepsy.Edited byChristine Cull&Laura H.Material Discourses of Health and Illness.Edited byL. Yardley.Heart and Mind: The Practice of Cardiac Psychology.Edited byRobert Allen&Stephen Scheidt.

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1998.tb00575.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1998

数据来源: WILEY