摘要:

ObjectivesThe current paper examined the variability of predictors of changes in adolescent smoking across linear and nonlinear analytic models.DesignThree analytic models typically used to model adolescent smoking behaviour were tested: one linear model of change (standard linear), one static linear model (pre‐post linear) and one nonlinear model of change (cusp catastrophe). Variability in model composition was assessed by examining the pattern of variables achieving statistical significance and proportion of variance explained.MethodsModel testing was conducted on data from Australian adolescents successfully tracked through a 12‐month longitudinal study of smoking (N= 779). The survey measured demographics, self‐reported smoking, smoking among friends and family, self‐esteem, neuroticism, coping, stress and risk taking.ResultsThe results indicated that while predictors of change were invariant across analytic models explanatory power varied markedly. Models of change in smoking that included simple, interacted or polynomial forms of initial conditions (past behaviour) explained more than four times the variance of models without.ConclusionsThese results justified confidence in the predictors of change in adolescent smoking across analytic models. A secondary implication was that more research into past behaviour's role in the context of dynamical models of adolescent smoking and other health behaviour is

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910707X202490

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2008

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

PurposeAnxiety and depression are highly prevalent in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and are associated with lower levels of self‐efficacy, impaired health status, poorer treatment outcomes and reduced survival following emergency admission. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) may be effective for treating anxiety and depression in COPD patients but evidence for this is uncertain.MethodsA systematic review of controlled trials that evaluated the effectiveness of CBT for treating mild‐to‐moderate anxiety or depression in adults with clinically stable COPD. Ovid electronic bibliographic databases were searched from inception to May 2006; all content held by the Cochrane Library Issue 3, 2006 was also searched.ResultsOne small randomized controlled trial (RCT) of moderate quality showed that CBT, when given with exercise training and education, was associated with large and significant treatment effects for both anxiety (−1.39 (95% CIs −2.19, −0.59)) and depression (−0.86 (95% CIs −1.61, −0.11)). Additionally, a larger RCT of higher quality demonstrated that CBT, when given with exercise and education, was associated with large and significant treatment effects for depression (−0.76 (95% CIs −1.34, −0.17)), but not for anxiety. No other included study reported significant reductions in either anxiety or depression in COPD patients given CBT.ConclusionThere is only limited evidence that CBT, when used with exercise and education, can contribute to significant reductions in anxiety and depression in COPD patients. There is scope for a well‐powered RCT to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of CBT amon

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910707X203723

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2008

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectivesThe demand–control (D–C) model of job strain has generated a considerable body of empirical support in predicting psychological health outcomes in the context of work. This study aimed to extend previous work using the D–C model of job strain to predict caregiver burden and satisfaction in the informal caregivers of patients with heart failure.Design and methodData were gathered from 60 caregiver/patient dyads in a cross‐sectional design. Patients with chronic stable heart failure were recruited from out‐patient clinics. The dependent variables were caregiver burden and satisfaction. Demand and control were measured using both patient‐ and caregiver‐derived measures.ResultsThe D–C model accounted for 15 and 19% of the variance in caregiver burden, after controlling for age, gender and relationship to the patient. Lower control was associated with higher burden. The D–C model did not predict caregiver satisfaction.ConclusionThe D–C model was associated with caregiver burden, but not satisfaction in caregivers, with control being the dominant predictor. Research linking the theory and findings from job strain and informal caregiving studies may elucidate both fields of research.Using the demand–control model of job strain to predict caregiver burden and caregiver satisfaction in the informal caregivers of h

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910707X203363

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2008

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to explore the association of meaning‐making with psychological adjustment to bereavement among mothers of children who had undergone haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).DesignA prospective research design was used. Regression analyses were conducted to determine the relations between pre‐bereavement variables (distress, searching for meaning, and finding meaning) and distress post‐bereavement.MethodsThirty‐five mothers of children who had undergone HSCT were interviewed at the time of their child's HSCT and 3 months post‐bereavement.ResultsMothers who reported searching for meaning at HSCT reported greater post‐bereavement distress, and mothers who reported finding meaning at HSCT reported less post‐bereavement distress. Distress at HSCT and the number of days between the time of death and the post‐bereavement time point were also found to be significant predictors of post‐bereavement distress.ConclusionsThis study provides partial support for the role of meaning in a

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910707X204236

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2008

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectivesThe present research examined the sun protection intentions and behaviours of young people in a high risk skin cancer area using an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) incorporating additional social influences of group and image norms.DesignThe study employed a prospective design to examine young people's sun protection intentions and behaviour.MethodParticipants (N= 1,134), aged 12–20 years, were students (school, university, TAFE) and young employees living in Queensland, Australia. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing the TPB predictors (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control) and additional social influences (group norm, image norm) of sun protection intentions. Two weeks later, participants (N= 734) reported their sun protection behaviour for the previous fortnight.ResultsResults revealed that the TPB variables of attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control and the additional social influence variable of group norms, but not image norms, emerged as significant predictors of intentions to engage in sun protection. The extended TPB variables accounted for 36% of the variance in intentions. For behaviour, the extended TPB variables accounted for 27% of the variance with both intention and, unexpectedly, group norm as the significant direct predictors of sun protective behaviours.ConclusionsResults of this study provide support for the application of the TPB in the sun safety context and highlight the importance of considering the influence of group norms in the development of future interventions to increase young people's sun protection intentions and behaviou

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910707X210004

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2008

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectiveExamined cognitive appraisals of interference and tolerance in the prediction of distress and self‐reported disability among persons presenting for low vision rehabilitation.DesignCross‐sectional; correlational and path analyses.MethodsOne‐hundred and thirteen patients (mean age, 71 years; 52 men and 61 women) presenting for low vision rehabilitation at a university‐based centre for low vision rehabilitation participated in an initial clinical vision examination and completed several questionnaires to evaluate cognitive appraisals, emotional distress and self‐reported disability.ResultsPath analyses indicated that greater tolerance was associated with less interference imposed by vision loss. Greater tolerance was also associated with less emotional distress and symptom severity (visual acuity) was associated with self‐reported disability. Cognitive appraisals (tolerance and interference) indirectly influenced self‐reported disability through emotional distress.ConclusionsThe data indicate that appraisals of personal ability to tolerate vision loss and the perceived interference of vision loss on goal‐directed behaviour and expected activities have greater influence on distress and are subsequently predictive of disability in comparison with objective symptoms (visual acuity). Implications for clinical interventions and further researc

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910707X209835

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2008

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectivesPerceived control predicts activity limitations, but there are many control belief concepts and how these are defined and measured has implications for intervention design. This study examined whether individual‐specific activity limitations and recovery were predicted by theoretically derived control conceptualizations, the Theory of Planned Behaviour and an integrated model (Theory of Planned Behaviour with the World Health Organization ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) model).DesignThis predictive cohort study used measures of impairment, intention and perceived control (perceived behavioural control, Theory of Planned Behaviour; self‐efficacy, Social Cognitive Theory; locus of control, Social Learning Theory), assessed 2 weeks after hospital discharge, to predict walking limitation (UK SIP: FLP) and recovery after 6 months. Theoretically derived items were individually tailored for patients' baseline walking limitation.ParticipantsTwo hundred and three stroke patients (124 men and 79 women; mean age=68.88,SD= 12.31 years)ResultsWalking limitation and walking recovery (respectively) were predicted by perceived behavioural control (r= −.36**, .26**) and self‐efficacy (r= −.30**, .22**), but not locus of control (r= −.07, .02). Both theoretical models accounted for significant variance in walking limitation and recovery – but not beyond that explained by perceived behavioural control. Predictive power was not improved by modifying the control component or by including impairment in regression equations.ConclusionsResults suggest that perceived control predicts individual‐specific disability and recovery and that reductions in activity limitations may be achieved by manipulating control cognitions. In addition, reducing impairments may not have maximal effect on reducing disability unless beliefs about control over performing the behaviour are

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910707X216648

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2008

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectivesHealth‐behaviour change is not predicted well by behavioural intentions alone. Action planning and coping planning are two self‐regulatory strategies that may help bridge the gap between intentions and behaviour. Action planning comprises the when, where and how of implementing a behaviour. Coping planning involves the anticipation of barriers and ways to overcome them. The study examines whether the inclusion of these two planning constructs would improve the overall prediction of physical activity. The main research question is which kind of planning would be beneficial for the initiation of behaviour and which one for its maintenance. Moreover, it is examined whether intentions moderate the planning–behaviour relationship.MethodsA 5‐week longitudinal on‐line study was conducted with 354 participants. Differences in prediction patterns between formerly active and formerly inactive individuals were compared using multigroup structural equation modelling. Moderating effects of intentions were tested by means of latent interactions.ResultsInclusion of the two planning factors accounted for substantially more behaviour variance than intention alone did. Coping planning mediated the intention–behaviour relationship only in formerly active, but not in formerly inactive participants. Moreover, intentions moderated the effects of both types of planning on behaviour.ConclusionsAction planning appears to predict behaviour only when intentions are high. For actors, coping planning represents a critical self‐regulation strategy to maintain their physical ac

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910707X216062

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2008

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectivesThis study had three aims: 1) to investigate whether cardiovascular responses to laboratory stress and levels of emotional distress were attenuated following written emotional disclosure; 2) to test, in addition to the potential main effects, whether levels of alexithymia moderated the impact of writing; and 3) to examine whether alexithymics who successfully disclosed emotion in their essays would experience positive effects following writing.Design and methodsEighty‐seven participants wrote about their most stressful life experience or about a non‐stressful experience, for 15 minutes, over 3 consecutive days. Two weeks later, blood pressure (BP) responses to laboratory stress and levels of emotional distress were assessed. Emotional characteristics of the disclosure essays were analysed with the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count programme and alexithymia was assessed at baseline using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale‐20.ResultsAnalyses found no evidence in support of the main effects of disclosure on cardiovascular responses to stress or on emotional distress. However, alexithymia was found to moderate the impact of writing such that non‐alexithymic participants in the experimental condition reported significantly lower emotional distress 2 weeks later. In addition, alexithymic participants who disclosed a greater number of negative when compared with positive emotion words exhibited reduced systolic and diastolic responses to stress. Conversely, non‐alexithymic participants who disclosed more positive and less negative emotion words displayed attenuated BP reactivity to stress.ConclusionsThe results of this exploratory study are important as they highlighted, in the absence of main effects, the importance of examining potential moderators of the emotional writing process. These findings may have implications for the development of cardiovascular health inte

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910707X224496

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2008

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ObjectivesThe predictive validity of the theory of planned behaviour is well established, but much less is known about: (a) whether there are causal relationships between key components of the model and (b) how to go about changing the theory of planned behaviour variables. This study tested the ability of outcome and process simulations to change variables specified in the theory of planned behaviour in relation to blood donation.DesignParticipants (N= 146) were randomized to one of four conditions: outcome simulation only, process simulation only, process‐plus‐outcome simulation and a distractor control condition. The dependent variables were state anxiety, and intention attitude, subjective norm and perceived control from the theory of planned behaviour.MethodsParticipants were asked to empty their mind and visualize themselves: (a) after donating blood (outcome manipulation), (b) preparing to donate blood (process manipulation), (c) both preparing to donate blood and after having donated blood (process‐plus‐outcome manipulation) or (d) both preparing to get a high mark and after having got a high mark on their course (control condition). Following mental rehearsal, participants completed the dependent variables.ResultsThere were no main effects of outcome simulation, but process simulation successfully increased intention, subjective norm and perceived control. There was also a significant outcome simulation × process simulation interaction for attitude. The effect of the process manipulation on intention was mediated by subjective norm and perceived control.ConclusionsThe findings show promise for the use of mental simulations in changing cognitions and further research is required to extend the present findings to other health be

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910707X227088

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2008

数据来源: WILEY