摘要:

Purpose.Measurement reactivity is defined as being present where measurement results in changes in the people being measured. The main aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge concerning the extent and nature of psychological measurement affecting people who complete the measures. Other aims are to describe how this may affect conclusions drawn in health psychology research and to outline where more research is needed.Methods.Narrative review.Results.Several studies, using a variety of methods, have found measurement procedures to alter subsequent cognition, emotion, and behaviour. In many instances, the effects obtained were of up to medium size. However, the extent to which such studies are representative is not clear: do other studies which find no reactive effects of measurement not exist or do they exist but are not reported?Conclusions.Although measurement reactivity can yield medium‐sized effects, our understanding of this phenomenon is still rudimentary. We do not know the precise circumstances that are likely to result in measurement reactivity: we cannot predict when problems are more likely to arise. There is a particular absence of studies of the mechanisms by which measurement reactivity arises. There is a need for a systematic review of this literature, which should aim to quantify the extent of measurement reactivity effects and to provide a firmer evidence base for theorizing about the sources of reactivit

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910710X492341

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2010

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives.Past studies demonstrate relationships between hemispheric lateralization (HL) and immunity. However, the relevance of HL–immune relationships to health and illness has rarely been investigated. This study tested whether a neuropsychological index of right‐hemispheric lateralization (right‐HL) predicts development of upper respiratory tract infectious (URTI) symptoms.Design.We used a prospective, matched, case‐control design.Methods.Initially, 80 URTI symptom free adults underwent neuropsychological assessment including right‐HL (picture vs. word recognition), and were then followed‐up during 10 weeks for development of URTI symptoms and objective signs of URTI. Participants reporting URTI symptoms (Ill;N=21) were matched on age, gender, and IQ with 21 participants remaining well.Results.At baseline, the right‐HL index was significantly higher in participants who later became ill (9.9%) compared to well participants (3.9%,p<.05). Health behaviour also predicted URTI symptoms. In a logistic regression, right‐HL significantly predicted self‐reported URTI, independent of health behaviour and neuroticism.Conclusions.Greater right‐HL predicted URTI symptom development during follow‐up, independent of important confounders. These findings expand previous HL–immune relationships to a common

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910709X471391

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2010

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives.This qualitative study aims at understanding the consequences of body deconstruction through mastectomy on corporality and identity in women with breast cancer.Design.Nineteen women were contacted through the hospital. All had to undergo mastectomy. Some were offered immediate breast reconstruction, others, because of cancer treatments, had no planned reconstruction. A qualitative reflexive methodological background was chosen.Method.Women were invited to participate in three semi‐structured interviews, one shortly before or after mastectomy, and the other interviews later in their illness courses, after surgery. All interviews were transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was performed. The analysis of the first interview of each woman is presented in this article.Results.Mastectomy provokes a painful experience of body deconstruction. Even when immediate reconstruction is proposed, contrasted feelings and dissonance are expressed when comparing the former healthy body to the present challenged body entity. Body transformations are accompanied with experiences of mutilation, strangeness, and modify the physical, emotional social, symbolic and relational dimensions of the woman's gendered identity. Although the opportunity of breast reconstruction is seen as a possible recovery of a lost physical symmetry and body integrity, grieving the past body and integrating a new corporality leads to a painful identity crisis.Conclusion.With mastectomy, the roots of the woman's identity are challenged, leading to a re‐evaluation of her existential values. The consequences of mastectomy transform the woman's corporality and embodiment, and question her identity. Psychological support is discussed in the perspective of our resu

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910709X472174

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2010

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objective.The study of anger suppression and risk for cardiovascular disease has relied predominately on inspection of correlations between trait anger‐in and cardiovascular risk factors and disease. This approach tells us little about whether inhibitory processes have anything to do with outcomes, and cannot speak to whether suppression of angerper seaffects cardiovascular parameters. Drawing on the broader emotion regulation literature, we examined the effects of experimentally induced anger and general negative emotion in the context of expressive and experiential suppression on cardiovascular responses to initial and subsequent laboratory stressors.Design.Of all participants, 201 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of six conditions formed by crossing emotion (anxiety, anger) and suppression (experiential, expressive, control) conditions.Methods.Participants completed a mental arithmetic task with anxiety or anger induction under their respective suppression manipulation instructions, and subsequently were exposed to a cold pressor task. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate values were obtained for each experimental epoch.Results.More robust SBP responses to the initial stressor were evidenced for those in the expressive versus the control condition. In response to the subsequent stressor, those in the experiential suppression condition showed the most pronounced SBP responses, suggesting pronounceddelayedeffects of this type of suppression. Effects of suppression on SBP reactivity were indistinguishable across anxiety and anger conditions.Conclusion.Effortful suppression of negative emotion has immediate and delayed consequences for stress‐induced cardiovascular reactivity. Theoretical and clinical significance of these findings are discus

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910709X474613

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2010

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objective.Self‐initiated plans relating to when, where, and how behaviour will be performed have been shown to be effective in promoting goal progress. The current study (N=256) explored whether any impact of self‐initiated implementation intentions on the avoidance of snacking was moderated by impulsivity.Design and methods.The study employed a prospective design. At Time 1, participants reported the extent to which they had formed self‐initiated implementation intentions to avoid eating high‐calorie snacks. At Time 2, participants reported their snack consumption over the preceding 2 weeks and completed a measure of impulsivity.Results.Impulsivity (urgency) moderated the effect of self‐initiated implementation intentions on snack consumption. Specifically, self‐initiated implementation intentions benefited the avoidance of snacking most for those low in impulsivity and least for those high in impulsivity.Conclusion.The findings suggest that impulsivity might form an important boundary condition to the effectiveness of self‐initiated implementation intention formation in relatio

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910709X475423

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2010

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives.When one member of a couple has a chronic illness, communication about the illness is important for both patient and partner well‐being. This study aimed to develop and test a brief self‐report measure of illness‐related couple communication.Design.A combination of correlations and multiple regression were used to assess the internal consistency and validity of the Couples' Illness Communication Scale (CICS).Methods.A scale to provide insight into both patient and partner illness communication was developed. The CICS was then tested on patients with ovarian cancer (N=123) and their partners (N=101), as well as patients with early stage multiple sclerosis (MS) who had stable partnerships (N=64).Results.The CICS demonstrated good acceptability, internal consistency, convergent validity (correlations with general couple communication and marital adjustment), construct validity (correlations with intrusive thoughts, social/family well‐being, emotional impact of the illness, and psychological distress), and test–retest reliability.Conclusions.The CICS meets the majority of psychometric criteria for assessment measures in both a life‐threatening illness (ovarian cancer) and a chronic progressive disease (MS). Further research is required to understand its suitability for use in other populations. Adoption of the CICS into couple‐related research will improve understanding of the role of illness‐related communication in adjustment to illness. Use of this short, simple tool in a clinical setting can provide a springboard for addressing difficulties with illness‐related couple communication and could aid decision making for referrals to c

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910709X476972

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2010

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objective.This study focused on young adults' alcohol consumption in social contexts. A dual‐process model (including reasoned action and social reaction) was applied by combining the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the prototype/willingness model. A key question was whether willingness and actor and abstainer prototype variables would augment the TPB by increasing explained variance.Design.Participants completed questionnaires prior to spending an evening socializing over the weekend (Time 1). Behavioural data were obtained by telephone interviews a few days after the social drinking occasion (Time 2).Method.N=300 people (mean age 25 years) took part in the study. The outcome measure of pure alcohol in grams was calculated based on participants' reports about their consumed drinks. Multigroup path analyses were conducted because of sex differences on behavioural and psychological variables.Results.The TPB explained 35% of the variance in men's and 41% in women's alcohol consumption. Augmentation with prototype perception and willingness contributed significantly to the prediction of intention (ΔR2=.07) and alcohol consumption for men (ΔR2=.14). A significant interaction implied that willingness led to heavy drinking particularly among those men who made negative evaluations of the abstainer prototype.Conclusion.Women's alcohol consumption is explained by TPB variables via a more controlled reasoned‐action path only, whereas additional processes (e.g., pursuing the actor image intentionally, rejecting the abstainer image more intuitively) are important for men. The moderating role of gender is discussed in light of traditional gender roles and recent trends in alcohol consum

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910709X476558

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2010

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives.Although regular exercise is important for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), most CAD patients are not sufficiently active. The transtheoretical model offers a framework for the process of exercise behaviour change. But until today, it is not clear which processes of exercise behaviour change (POC) support CAD patients in maintaining exercise after discharge.Design.A longitudinal study with baseline measure and 6‐month follow‐up has been conducted. German CAD patients were mailed at home after discharge. POC and exercise were self‐reported.Methods.A total of 204 CAD patients were selected from five rehabilitation centres. A total of 108 CAD patients, which were in the post‐action stages, provided data at baseline and follow‐up. Two different analyses were carried out. Firstly, structural equation modelling with baseline data (N=147) was used to test the hierarchical order of the POC in experiential and behavioural processes. Secondly, cross‐lagged panel analysis was used to investigate whether POC lead to exercise or vice versa and which POC support CAD patients in maintaining exercise.Results.Comparative analysis indicates that the two hierarchical‐factor model fits the data significantly better than the one hierarchical‐factor model (χ2diff(1)=19.04,p<.001), even though experiential and behavioural processes are highly correlated (r=.98,p<.001). Standardized effects of the antecedent cross‐lags are significant for consciousness raising (β=0.27), reinforcement management (β=0.28), self‐liberation (β=0.28), and stimulus control (β=0.33) indicating that these POC are predictive for CAD patients maintaining exercise.Conclusion.Although some POC support the exercise behaviour change process and the hierarchical structure is apparent, it may be beneficial to adapt the POC to give a more precise understanding

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910709X477476

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2010

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objective.To investigate to what extent paranormal beliefs, modern health worries (MHWs), and environmental concerns were related to beliefs about, and behaviour associated with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).Methods.Of the participants, 150 completed a four‐part questionnaire measuring use and perception of CAM, MHWs, paranormal beliefs, and environmental concerns.Results.A factor analysis on the CAM questions revealed three clear components, labelled efficacy of CAM, attitudes to CAM, and safety of CAM. Age, total MHWs, paranormal beliefs, and environmental concerns were used as predictor variables in regression analyses with efficacy as criterion variable. Age was found to be a significantly related to efficacy of CAM. When total MHW score, paranormal belief score, and environmental concern score were added to the model, ther2increased by 29%. Environmental concern did not significantly relate to efficacy but spiritualism beliefs did. A factor analysis of the MHW scale items revealed nine factors. Out of these, radiation, doctors playing God, disasters, and epidemics, as well as harmful rays and air contaminants significantly predict belief in the efficacy of CAM.Conclusion.Overall, older people, with more MHWs, and who believe in the paranormal are more likely to believe that CAM works, possibly because of a more intuitive, ‘holistic’, thinking style. Limitations of the study are consi

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910709X477511

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2010

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Study design.Longitudinal, multi‐wave design.Objectives.To investigate the contribution of sense of coherence (SOC), appraisals, and behavioural responses when predicting psychological outcomes to spinal cord injury (SCI).Method.Patients (N=237) sustaining a SCI aged 17 or above were recruited from specialist spinal injuries centres across six European countries. Measures of SOC, appraisals, coping strategies, and psychological well‐being were administered at 6 and 12 weeks post‐injury and at a 1 year follow‐up.Results.People scoring high on SOC at 6 weeks post‐injury showed significantly better psychological outcomes at 1 year post‐injury and SOC showed significant relationships with appraisals at 12 weeks post‐injury and coping strategies 1 year post‐injury. Significant relationships were found between appraisals at 12 weeks post‐injury and psychological outcomes, adaptive coping strategies were significantly related to psychological well‐being at 1 year post‐injury. Regression analyses found SOC, appraisals, and coping behaviours to explain 61.8% of the variance in psychological quality of life, 66.5% of the variance in depression, and 37.7% of the variance in anxiety at 1 year post‐injury.Conclusion.This study provides further evidence in support of previous findings which suggest SOC to have a primary role in long‐term psychological well‐being. The relationship described here – from SOC to the appraisal of injury and subsequent behavioural responses – suggests SOC to be an influential factor in the long‐t

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910709X478222

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2010

数据来源: WILEY