摘要:

Objectives. This study was designed to investigate women's experiences of engaging in an age‐appearance anti‐smoking intervention.Methods. Ten 18‐ to 34‐year‐old women gave accounts of their experiences after engaging in an age‐appearance facial morphing anti‐smoking intervention in interviews (n= 7) and a focus group (n= 3), and 37 women gave their accounts while they were engaged in the intervention. Transcripts were analysed using a thematic analysis broadly informed by the procedures of Grounded Theory.Results. Women were very concerned about the impact of ageing on their faces in general, and in particular the additional impact of smoking on their skin. Women were concerned about other people's reactions to them as older smokers with wrinkled skin, and many experienced a physical shock reaction (including reports of nausea) to seeing how they would age if they continued to smoke. They reported that seeing their own face aged on the computer screen increased their perceived risk of skin wrinkling. Women reported being highly motivated to quit smoking as a result of the intervention, and many reported that they would take active steps to quit having seen how they would look if they continued to smoke. This was linked with increased perceived personal responsibility for quitting.Conclusions. Results are discussed in relation to suggestions for anti‐smoking interventions aimed at women in the 18‐ to 34‐year‐old age group. It is concluded that interventions incorporating age‐appearance morphing techniques are likely to be effective in helping women to ta

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/2044-8287.002006

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. Physical activity has been associated with positive health outcomes. The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between knowledge of physical activity, social support, self‐efficacy, perceived barriers to physical activity, and level of physical activity among healthcare employees and students in a National Health Service (NHS) Trust.Design. This study was secondary analysis of questionnaire data on the health and well‐being of staff and students within the NHS.Method. A total of 325 student nurses and 1,452 NHS employees completed the questionnaire. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, zero‐order correlations, and structural equation modelling.Results. Self‐efficacy fully mediated the relationship between social support, perceived barriers, and level of physical activity in the student sample and partially mediated the relationship between social support, perceived barriers, and level of physical activity in the healthcare staff sample. Knowledge of physical activity had no significant effect on physical activity.Conclusion. Findings suggest that instead of instilling knowledge, interventions to promote physical activity among healthcare staff and students should enhance social support and self‐efficacy and also to remove perceived barriers t

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2010.02007.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. The aim of this study was to address the gap in our understanding of the experiences of people with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and how they manage their daily lives.Methods. Individual, semi‐structured interviews were held with 10 individuals residing in Co. Donegal, Ireland who were diagnosed with diabetes and had visual loss as a result of retinopathy. Verbatim transcripts of these interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.Results. The main themes identified in the qualitative analysis were losses resulting from DR; coping with the emotional impact of loss; and self‐management and lifestyle. DR was associated with a number of losses. The visual loss was accompanied by a sense of dependence, social isolation, and the loss of important social and occupational roles. The perceived loss of independence and mobility resulted in a need for support in managing the lifestyle changes necessary for good blood sugar control particularly with regard to exercise. A variety of coping strategies were employed and social and family support was perceived to be important to maintain psychological well‐being.Conclusions. The findings highlight the importance of providing these individuals with appropriate professional support to facilitate the management of bo

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2010.02008.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. This research aimed to develop and validate a measure of integrated regulation based on self‐determination theory (SDT) in an exercise context.Design. Cross‐sectional and prospective surveys were employed.Methods. The measure was developed from first principles from an initial item pool and items were selected using expert evaluators. The validity of the final item pool was tested across a high‐active sample and a lower active sample (N= 488) using single‐ and multi‐sample confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs).Results. Analyses supported the factorial, nomological, discriminant, and predictive validity of the scale.Conclusions. The validity of the integrated regulation measure was supported. Present analyses provide evidence that the scale is a valid and reliable tool that may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of autonomy‐supportive interventions in health‐relat

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/2044-8287.002009

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. We examined trait hopefulness and its component subscales of agency and pathways as potential moderators of the association between functional impairment and depressive symptoms, hypothesizing that hopefulness would buffer this association.Design. Cross‐sectional, interview‐based.Methods. Older adult, primary care patients (N= 105; 62% female) completed measures of cognitive functioning, functional impairment, medical illness burden, trait hope, and depressive symptoms.Results. Functional impairment was significantly positively associated with depressive symptoms and dispositional hope total score moderated this relationship. Independently, the pathways subscale was a significant moderator and agency neared significance, yet their interaction was not significant.Conclusions. Older adults with functional impairment appear to benefit from agency and pathways; either subcomponent alone or their additive effect can activate hopefulness. Facilitation of infrastructure (pathways), primarily, and self‐efficacy (agency), secondarily, may be important strategies for reducing depressive symptoms in elderly patients with functi

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2010.02012.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. To investigate the motivation of pregnant women towards the practice of pelvic floor exercises during pregnancy using the revised Theory of Planned Behaviour (RTPB), incorporating measures of past behaviour.Design. Longitudinal cohort study.Methods. Women (n= 289) attending antenatal clinics in the North‐East of Scotland were interviewed in the third trimester of pregnancy regarding their practice of pelvic floor exercises. Beliefs and attitudes about the exercises were investigated by self‐administered questionnaire using the RTPB as a framework. A follow‐up postal questionnaire was sent between 6 and 12 months after delivery.Results. TPB variables (attitude, subjective norm, and self‐efficacy) explained 53.1% of the variance in intention to practise pelvic floor exercises during pregnancy. Perceived vulnerability to incontinence (attitude to the current behaviour) had no relationship with intention. Measures of past behaviour significantly improved the percentage of explained variance in intention. Confidence in ability to perform pelvic floor exercises correctly (self‐efficacy) reliably predicted subsequent practice.Conclusions. Future compliance with pelvic floor exercises may be enhanced by effective instruction to enhance confidence in ability to contract the correct muscles and promotion of measures to help establish a habit of exercising the p

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2010.02013.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives.  There is a debate on the determinants of smoking behaviour, their relative impact, and how impacts are exerted. This longitudinal study is on the relations among social influence, intention to smoke, and smoking behaviour, controlling for attitude and self‐efficacy.Design and Methods.  A model combining parents and peers with subjective and descriptive norms, resulting in four factors, was used to assess social influence. Data were collected at the beginning of the 7th(‐T1), 8th(‐T2), and 9th(‐T3) school years, concerning 578 students (Mage= 13.04 at T1). Structural Equation Modelling was used to test longitudinal effects.Results.  Variances explained by the model were high:R2intention‐T2= .65,R2behaviour‐T2= .67, andR2behaviour‐T3= .76. Longitudinal analyses confirmed the effects of social influence on intention and behaviour. These effects on behaviour were direct and indirect (peers’ and parents’ descriptive norms in both cases). Descriptive norms had a stronger effect on behaviour than subjective norms. Peers’ effect on behaviour was stronger than parents’, but peers’ effect was exerted only through descriptive norms while parents’ effect was exerted through both norms. The intention effect on behaviour was not as detached as expected and its role of full mediator between other variables’ effects on behaviour was not confirmed, since descriptive norms and self‐efficacy had also a mediation role.Conclusions.  Results show direct and indirect effects of social influence on behaviour. Descriptive norms are an important variable to operationalize social influence. Peers and parents exert influence on adolescents’ intention and behaviour through different processes. The impact of intention on be

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2010.02014.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives.  Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome associated with adverse symptoms of cognitive, behavioural, and emotional dysfunction. Accumulating evidence supports the notion that sleep dysfunction, which affects almost all FM patients, has a reciprocal influence on pain. Yet, little is known about the relationship between sleep and other FM symptoms. The present study analysed the role of sleep dysfunction as a mediator of the impact of pain intensity on anxiety, depression, and daily functioning, comparing them with the mediating role of self‐efficacy.Design.  A cross‐sectional design was used.Methods.  A sample of 104 women with FM and 86 healthy control women completed a semi‐structured interview and self‐reported measures of pain, sleep quality, anxiety, depression, and daily functioning. Multiple mediation models were proposed and a bootstrapping approach was used to test these models.Results.  Women diagnosed with FM had more dysfunctional scores on the variables examined than control participants, and there were significant relationships between all the variables examined in the mediation models for the FM group. The mediation analyses suggested that sleep quality and self‐efficacy significantly mediated the relationship between pain and emotional distress. Additionally, self‐efficacy was a significant mediator and sleep quality a likely mediator that was marginally significant in the relationship between pain and functioning.Conclusions.  Sleep dysfunction is importantly related to FM symptoms and deserves more attention in both research and clinical practice. Our results suggest that, in addition to the usual treatment of FM, improving sleep could optimize the current manag

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02016.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. The purpose of this persuasion research was to show that self‐affirmation (SA) increases intentions in the advocated direction and that these intentions predict actual health behaviour change. That is, these intentions not only serve the function of short‐term relief of the threat caused by the persuasive message. We proposed that the effect of SA depends on the level of value‐involvement.Design. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions (no SA vs. SA) of a between‐subjects design. After the SA manipulation, all participants read a threatening health text about the consequences of insufficient fruit and vegetable intake. At pre‐test, value‐involvement was determined.Methods. Participants included were undergraduate students. The SA manipulation consisted of a writing exercise. After reading the health message, participants reported their intention to eat sufficient fruit and vegetables (N= 537). After 1 week (N= 293) and 4 weeks (N= 261), participants completed self‐reports of fruit and vegetable intake.Results. No main effect was found for SA on any outcome measure. We did find that involvement moderated the effect of SA on cooked vegetables consumption. This effect was not present for raw vegetables/salad consumption or for fruit consumption. The moderated effect on cooked vegetable consumption was most evident after 1 week and the effect was mediated by the immediate intentions of participants.Conclusions. SA can lead to genuine intentions that predict actual behaviour, but the effect of SA depends on the type of behaviour and peo

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02018.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. Alcohol impairs judgement and could be causally implicated in sexual risk taking. However, meta‐analytic studies do not find an association between alcohol use and unprotected sexual intercourse at the event level, where both behaviours refer to the same point in time. Associations between personality traits and sexual risk taking have been replicated across several studies. Traits may be better conceptualized as independent risk factors, where alcohol use mediates the association between personality and condom use. The objective of our study was to determine the direct and indirect effects connecting big five personality traits with condom use, potentially mediated through alcohol use during the most recent sexual encounter.Design. A sample of community‐dwelling adults (N= 190) completed measures of big five personality traits and a detailed assessment of event‐level sexual behaviour and alcohol use.Results. In regression model adjusting for known confounding factors, including oral contraceptive use, partner type, and hazardous drinking patterns, one standard deviation increase in conscientiousness was associated with a 1.14‐fold increase in the odds of using a condom with most recent sexual partner (p= .04). Repeating the analysis using zero‐inflated regression for estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) values revealed an association between conscientiousness and eBAC (p= .002). There was no association between alcohol and condom use in either analysis.Conclusions. The results illustrate that personality traits are strong independent risk factors for sexual risk taking and eBAC values during sexual events, and both should be incorporated into research designs. Future research should evaluate specific facets of conscientiousness, and whether eBAC mediates the association between personality and condom use in other samples. The possibility of tailoring interventions to personality tr

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02019.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2011

数据来源: WILEY