摘要:

Objective: Different emotions are to some extent associated with different ways of coping. Cognitive processes involved in determining emotional reactions may influence coping (perhaps through directing attention or generating salient information). This study explored possible appraisal‐coping associations by examining whether a set of appraisal components identified in emotion theory were also associated with coping.Design: The study examined concurrent associations between appraisal components, emotional adjustment, and coping in 148 women with suspected breast disease.Method: Questionnaire measures of primary and secondary appraisal components identified in emotion theory, anxiety, depression, and coping were sent to women during the waiting period between GP referral and attendance at a ‘one‐stop’ breast‐disease diagnosis clinic.Results: Consistent with expectations, appraisal components were associated with both emotions and coping. Elevated anxiety was associated with appraisals of low emotion‐focused coping potential; avoidance coping was associated with motivational incongruence, self‐accountability, and pessimistic appraisal of emotion‐focused coping potential; acceptance/resignation coping was associated with self‐accountability and pessimistic appraisals of both future expectancy and emotion‐focused coping potential.Conclusion: This study presents a theoretically driven approach to exploring associations between emotions and adjustment efforts. In keeping with expectations, a number of appraisal components identified in emotion theory were found to be associated with both

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703770238257

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives: Psychosocial factors have been examined in functional bowel disorders (FBD), including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC). Abnormal illness behaviour (AIB) has been investigated in IBS patients as evidence of underlying psychological distress and as influencing health‐care‐seeking behaviour. Health locus of control may also contribute to health‐care‐seeking behaviour, as possession of an external locus of control places responsibility for health status onto professionals. Thus, external locus of control may also be more prominent in FBD patients. This study examined whether FBD patients displayed more AIB and an external health locus of control compared with organic disease and non‐patient controls.Design: A cross‐sectional comparison group design was employed.Method: Fifty‐three CIC patients were compared with matched control groups of 50 IBS patients, 51 Crohn's disease patients and 53 non‐patient participants. Questionnaire measures included the Illness Behaviour Questionnaire, the Multi‐dimensional Health Locus of Control, the GHQ, and the SCL‐90R.Results: FBD patients did not differ from Crohn's disease patients on measures of AIB, but all three patient groups differed from non‐patient participants. Crohn's disease patients possessed a higher external locus of control compared with FBD patients and non‐patient controls. There was a general association between AIB and psychopathology.Conclusions: FBD patients did not report more AIB or a higher external locus of control regarding their health status, compared with organic disease controls, but did differ from non‐patients. The presentation of AIB was related to increased psychopathology, suggesting that AIB may be related to psychological distress, irres

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703770238266

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives: Sense of Coherence is the core construct of Antonovsky's salutogenetic model. To measure Sense of Coherence, a 29‐item‐questionnaire (SOC‐29), a shortened 13‐item version, and a simplified measure of only three items (SOC‐3) are available. In our study, the last was tested in terms of the psychometric properties and compared with an alternative short form derived from the SOC‐29.Methods: Data with respect to the original SOC‐29‐scale, the SOC‐3, and additional other health measures were collected in a representative general population survey, the German study ‘Transitions in Alcohol Consumption and Smoking’ (TACOS). Analyses of the factor structures, reliability and validity correlations are reported.Results: The reliability and validity results of the SOC‐3 were not encouraging. Subsequent item analyses revealed that three items taken out of the SOC‐29 outperformed the SOC‐3 in measuring Sense of Coherence in a simplified way. This newly developed instrument is presented as the Brief Assessment of Sense of Coherence (BASOC).Conclusion: The BASOC is a superior short form compared with the SOC‐3 and is recommended for large surveys wit

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703770238275

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives: The stages of change construct refers to the different psychological states people move through when they change their behaviour. However, the prediction that people in different stages of change need different sorts of interventions to stimulate the change process has scarcely been tested prospectively. An indirect test of this hypothesis would need to assess whether there are stage‐specific psychological determinants of forward stage transition.Method: Smoking and quitting history, demographics, three potential psychological determinants of stage transition and stage of change were assessed in over 700 smokers and ex‐smokers (T1). After eight months (T2), stage of change was reassessed.Results: The cross‐sectional relationships between two of the three psychological measures and stage of change were largely non‐linear. In the main prospective analyses on forward stage transition, stage‐specific determinants were identified for three of the four possible forward stage transitions. Furthermore, for three of the four possible backward stage transitions, stage‐specific determinants of backward stage transition approached significance. For the contemplation stage, none of the determinants under investigation were found to be related to either forward or backward stage transition.Conclusions: The present data indirectly support the notion that stage‐specific interventions should target stage‐specific determinants of stage transition in smoking behaviour. However, with regard to smokers in the contemplation stage—who comprise a large proportion of smokers in Western countries—no concl

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703770238284

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objective: To investigate the use of a measure of selective processing bias associated with anxiety as a predictor of post‐operative pain independently of self‐report measures of anxiety.Methods: Forty‐seven women admitted for minor gynaecological surgical procedures completed a selective processing task (modified Stroop) and the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory immediately prior to surgery. Following surgery they completed the McGill Short‐Form Pain Questionnaire. Intraoperative analgesia consumption was also recorded.Results: Participants demonstrated significantly slower colour‐naming times for physical threat cues than control cues. This was not due to an emotionality effect, as colour‐naming times for neutral and positive cues were not significantly different. This bias was congruent with the participants’ current concerns, as colour‐naming times were significantly slower for physical threat words than for social threat words. This index of selective processing bias significantly predicted post‐operative pain independently of self‐reported state and trait anxiety.Conclusions: The advantages of measures of psychological constructs that are not reliant on self‐

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703770238293

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives: Food choice in schoolchildren was examined in relation to dieting and measures of eating psychopathology. It was predicted that dieters would make healthier food choices compared to non‐dieters and that measures of eating psychopathology would be associated with food choice.Design: A cross‐sectional questionnaire design incorporating an established adapted recall method was used to assess patterns of food consumption.Methods: Questionnaires were administered in 13 state secondary schools. Measures included a food frequency questionnaire, the Children's Eating Attitudes Test (CHEAT), body satisfaction ratings, dietary restraint, and questions about dieting status. The sample consisted of 574 females and 445 males aged 11‐16 years.Results: Females made significantly more healthy food choices compared to males. Females reported dieting more than males (35% vs. 18%, respectively), and female dieters made more healthy food choices than female non‐dieters. Almost a fifth (19%) of the entire sample reported skipping breakfast, with female dieters being three times more likely to do so than non‐dieters. There were small but significant associations between reported food consumption and measures of eating attitudes, body dissatisfaction and restraint. For females who scored in the at‐risk range on the CHEAT (8.7%), these associations were more substantial.Conclusions: Female dieters appear to make more healthy food choices than non‐dieters and so may be tuning into healthy eating messages more effectively. Vulnerable females may use ‘healthy eating’ to hide risky weight reduction behaviours. Further studies are required to examine the nutritional impact of moderate and extreme dieting

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703770238301

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of a community‐based Chronic Disease Self‐management Course (CDC) for UK participants with a range of chronic diseases.Design: The study was a multiple baseline, pre‐test post test design with a sample of 185 participants who attended a CDC delivered in community settings by lay tutors, in the UK.Method: Data were collected by self‐completed questionnaires before attendance and at four‐month follow‐up.Results: The sample comprised 72% women (mean age = 53 years, mean disease duration = 16 years). The main chronic diseases included endometriosis, depression, diabetes, myalgic encephalomyelitis, osteoporosis and polio. Adjusting for baseline values and gender, small to moderate increases were found on cognitive symptom management, self‐efficacy (disease and symptoms) and communication with physician. A similar sized decrease was found on fatigue, and small decreases were evident on anxious and depressed moods, and health distress. There were no changes in the use of health care resources, or on self‐reported exercise behaviour.Conclusion: The results of this exploratory study suggest that self‐management training for people with chronic diseases can offer benefits in terms of enhanced self‐efficacy, greater use of cognitive behavioural techniques, and improvement in some aspects of physical and psych

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703770238310

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between self‐reported psychological processes and changes in exercise behaviour in an 18‐month longitudinal stage‐based intervention trial in 115 initially sedentary women aged 40‐65 years.Design: A two‐way factorial design was used.Methods: Participants were assigned randomly to either moderate or vigorous and either home or centre‐based exercise. After six months, all participants exercised at home. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline, six, 12 and 18 months which assessed stage of exercise behaviour, self‐efficacy, decisional balance and processes of change.Results: 28 patterns of stage change were identified across the 18 months with 6.1% remaining sedentary and 45% demonstrating linear movement from contemplation to action to maintenance to continued maintenance. Two interpretable clusters were identified within both the contemplation (at baseline) and action (at six months) stages. Cluster membership, however, did not influence behaviour change. For participants demonstrating a linear pattern of change, self‐efficacy for overcoming barriers and behavioural processes increased from contemplation to action. Self‐efficacy for exercise competence increased from contemplation to action but was more pronounced for the vigorous exercise groups. Decisional balance showed a three‐way interaction and there was no change for experimental processes. There was no change in any variable from action to maintenance.Conclusions: The intervention was seen to be effective regardless of location or intensity of exercise. The relevance of substages is questionable in stage‐based interventions as women with a profile suggesting less readiness to change or sustain change were just as likely to adopt

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1348/135910703770238329

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:2003

数据来源: WILEY