摘要:

Purpose. This paper explores the relative efficacy of different theoretical models to predict future behaviour. The behaviour studied in this case was the number of future blood donations. Based on this review, a commentary is provided on possible practical interventions.Method. Studies were included if they tested a theory and measured the number of actual donations over time. Both conventional and meta‐analytic techniques were used to ascertain the efficacy of various theoretical models to predict the number of future blood donations.Results. Intentionality, from the theory of planned/reasoned action, emerged as the best predictor of future donor behaviour, but appeared to offer little in the way of suggesting interventions. The predictive power of intentionality reduced as the time interval between its measurement and the recording of actual donor behaviour increased. A number of organizational factors (e.g. waiting time) were identified as important and good predictors of future behaviour. Such factors offer possible interventions. Further, the stage‐like nature of blood donor behaviour is highlighted.Conclusions. The transtheoretical model of behaviour change is introduced both as a viable alternative to theories like reasoned action and a conceptual framework for organizing interventions. The transtheoretical model is seen as applicable to the blood donation situation as it captures something of the stages of blood donation. It is also argued that other theoretical perspectives (e.g. self‐efficacy) need to be examined in this co

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00510.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a case control study, 60 participants matched for age and gender were identified in three conditions: patients admitted with confirmed first myocardial infarction (MI), patients admitted with chest pain but with no evidence of MI, and a ‘normal’ control group. Amongst a number of measures, they completed the Pennebaker Inventory of Linguid Languidness (PILL) and Maastricht Questionnaire (MQ). Both MQ and PILL, alone and in combination, failed to discriminate between cardiac and non‐cardiac patients, only between patients and controls. The implications of these results are disc

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00511.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined self‐reported height and weight, self/body esteem, current‐ideal body figure discrepancy, dietary restraint, intentions to diet and underlying beliefs based upon the theory of planned behaviour in 128 11‐year‐olds (61 boys, 67 girls) and 103 13–14‐year‐olds (52 boys, 51 girls). Overall the sample showed low levels of restraint and intentions to diet, although there were a number of significant differences between the age‐sex groups. Restraint and intentions to diet were higher in the girls and restraint was more closely related to current‐ideal body figure discrepancy than actual degree of overweight. Intentions to diet, and restraint were significantly predicted by beliefs about the positive outcomes of dieting, conditions facilitating dieting, and pressure from the media to attain a slim body shape. These variables mediated the effects of actual weight, sex and age but not self/body esteem or current‐ideal body figure discrepancy on inten

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00512.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted to examine the relative effects of the provision of information and of cognitive–behavioural counselling on the psychological adjustment of women who had previously been informed of an abnormal cervical smear result and subsequently required a further diagnostic procedure (colposcopy examination) and treatment. Altogether, 219 women were randomized to one of two groups: (a) counselling plus the provision of an information leaflet, and (b) information leaflet only. Patients in both groups received an information leaflet with their first colposcopy appointment. Patients in the counselling group also attended a counselling interview prior to their colposcopy examination. The Abnormal Smears Questionnaire (a measure of specific concerns relating to the smear result and subsequent diagnostic and treatment procedures), together with the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI‐Y1), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐30), and the Profile of Mood States (POMS‐36) were administered pre‐colposcopy, post‐colposcopy, pre‐treatment, post‐treatment and at three‐ and six‐month follow‐ups. Additionally a counselling evaluation questionnaire was completed by women in the counselling group after their colposcopy examination.High levels of distress were reported by both groups of patients on all measures prior to the colposcopy examination, with a subsequent highly significant post‐colposcopy reduction, again in both groups. There were no significant differences in psychological functioning between the two groups at post‐colposcopy assessment. Some minor differences emerged between the two groups at treatment and follow‐up assessments but following analysis of covariance these were interpreted as artifacts of baseline differences between the two groups on the measures concerned. Therefore, the hypothesis that cognitive‐behavioural counselling plus information would have an incremental benefit over the simple provision of an information leaflet was not supported. Possible interpretations o

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00513.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. The primary aim of this study was to examine the role of life‐events in the prediction of naturally occurring episodes of upper respiratory tract illness (mainly reported as common colds).Design. The study was prospective, involving a variable follow‐up period which averaged six and a half weeks.Methods. Measures of life‐events (Sarason LES), stress experience, and personality (EPQ‐R) were obtained for a sample of 35 participants, who were then followed up for incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Illness (URTI).Results. Positive but not negative life‐events were shown strongly to predict subsequent incidence of URTI. Reports of recent stress experience and stress proneness were not predictive, nor were personality measures. Positive LES was shown to be predictive independent of personality measures, and health‐related behaviour reports concerned with smoking, alcohol consumption and normal diet. Self‐reports of URTI and symptom reporting were for the first five days of the study supplemented with objective body temperature readings. Temperature measures correlated positively and significantly with symptom and URTI reporting.Conclusions. Although some of the principal effect may reflect individual differences in exposure to infectious agents, host factors affecting symptomatic expression may also be involved, in ways that are currently n

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00514.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Objectives. To investigate the association between childhood hay fever and emotional and behavioural disturbances.Design. Cross‐sectional controlled clinical study. The hay fever group was compared with an age‐matched control group without any atopic symptoms. Mean age for the groups was 7.8 years (SD 0.7).Method. The dependent variables were normalizedt‐scores on the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL 4–16, version 2.2; Achenbach&Edelbrock, 1983). In series of ANOVAs, the hay fever group (N= 43, 23 boys and 20 girls) was compared with healthy controls (N= 51, 28 boys and 23 girls).Results. The hay fever group had significantly higher scores on depression, withdrawal, somatic complaints and aggression. They also had a significantly higher total problem score and higher scores on the internalizing and the externalizing scales. There were no differences on the social competence scales.Conclusions. Children suffering from hay fever show other behavioural and emotional coping patterns than normals. Investigators should be reluctant in attributing the CBCL somatic symptom scale to psychological distu

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00515.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Within one week of surgery, traffic accident patients were compared with a variety of other surgery patients on measures of anxiety, depression, general psychological health and coping strategies. Even when differences in age and gender between groups were controlled for, patients who had just undergone surgery following traffic accidents reported significantly greater use of emotion‐focused coping strategies than all other groups except a gynaecological group, and significantly less use of task‐oriented and avoidance coping strategies than all other groups except general surgery. There were no significant differences in levels of depression or anxiety between the accident group and the other main surgery groups. It is argued that the use of emotion‐focused coping in accident patients represents either a direct vulnerability factor for accidents, or an indicator of underlying psychopathology which in turn may represent a primary vulnerability f

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00516.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The structure of the Readiness to Change Questionnaire (RCQ) is examined on a sample of 174 male heavy drinkers. It is shown that the RCQ items assessing the precontemplation, contemplation and action stages of Prochaska&DiClemente's model lack discriminant validity and that these three stages are not related in a simplex structure. A hierarchical factor model is fitted to the present data, producing a global second‐order factor termed ‘readiness to change’. It is shown that the RCQ items can be rescored to form a continuous measure of ‘readiness to change’ and evidence of the reliability and predictive validity of this scale is presented. The theoretical implications of these results are c

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00517.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Clinical Health Psychology in Medical Settings: A Practitioner's Guidebook.ByCynthia D. Belar&William W. Deardorff.Emotion, Disclosure and Health.Edited byJames W. Pennebaker.Adaptation to Chronic Childhood Illness.ByRobert J. Thompson, Jr&Kathryn E. Gustafson.Handbook of Adolescent Health Risk Behavior.Edited byR. J. DiClemente, W. B. Hansen&L. E. Ponton.Psychology of Health: Applications of Psychology for Health Professionals.ByBeth Alder.

ISSN:1359-107X    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00518.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY