ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/96JA00688

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper is a participant's account of the spacecraft Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, their historic missions to Jupiter, Saturn, and the outer heliosphere; and the observations by the University of Iowa radiation instruments on both. Each of these instruments has a mass of 1.64 kg and draws 25 mA from the electrical power supply of the spacecraft. It is shown that a mere 25 mA, if properly applied, can yield some remarkable results. The flow of data is continuing at the time of writing.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/96JA00132

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Webster's Third International Dictionary defines pioneer several ways: as a noun, “…one that begins or helps develop something new and prepares a way for others to follow,” or as an active verb “…to open or prepare, as a way or a region, for others to follow, i.e., explore.” It was my good fortune to become part of the pioneering efforts of the U.S. space program at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in 1960, soon after the space age began with Sputnik 1 being launched by the USSR on October 4, 1957. This paper will summarize important events of my participation in the exploration of space as they relate to studies of magnetic fields in interplanetary space, of the planets Mercury to Neptune and the Moon, of interactions of the solar wind with the planets, and of corotating magnetospheres with some moons of the giant planets. The most intense period in my career was the decade 1963‐1973, when I was involved in 15 successful spacec

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/96JA00138

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The author describes his experiences and impressions of space physics in the 1960s and on his return to the field in the 1990s. The field has made significant progress and has changed its operating style to that of a more mature science. It has also become a more closed society with less interaction with outside groups. There is a consequent pessimistic mood including a feeling of lack of progress. The author suggests that the field should become more outwardly oriented. The opportunity presented by present interest in space weather forecasting should be taken seriously by the community as an area of applied science. Additionally, the numerous basic science questions in the field should be viewed in terms of the opportunity of sharing basic discoveries with other parts of the physics community. Examples are given of particular problems where such an outlook will broaden the horizons of space science and allow us to measure our contributions to basic and applied science.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/96JA00133

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the October 1994 issue of theJournal of Geophysical Research, J. Simpson, E. Parker, and C. Sonnett wrote of the early history of space physics. Previously, J. Van Allen had written a monogram on the genesis of magnetospheric physics, and H. Newell (“Above the atmosphere”) and J. Naugle (“First among equals”) had given excellent accounts of the initial development of the space sciences within NASA and the broader research community. I write as a member of the second generation or Junior Pioneers who profited greatly from the foundation laid down by the Pioneers of the era. With the second wave it was possible to fully participate in the dramatic expansion of the nation's space science program that occurred in the 1960s. In this brief memoir, I give a personal recollection of this period and try to relate it to some of the current developments in space

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/96JA00184

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In 1964 when S. Chapman and I concluded that there is some “unknown” quantity in the solar wind controlling the development of the main phase of geomagnetic storms. This statement was based on our study of the variety of the development of geomagnetic storms and on the resulting conclusion that the Chapman‐Ferraro's solar wind flows around the Earth and confines the Earth in a cavity (the magnetosphere) but does not transfer the energy to the magnetosphere. It was thought to be an outrageous statement, since it had been firmly believed in the 1960s that a strong solar wind was all that was needed to cause geomagnetic storms. Our search for the unknown quantity in the solar wind eventually led us to a study of auroral/magnetospheric substorms, which, in turn, led us to the conclusion that the unknown quantity is the north–south component of the IMF, or more accurately, a specific combination of three parameters: the solar wind speed V, the IMF magnitude B, and its polar angle θ. This paper describes a personal account of the history of this search for the unknown quantity. One important lesson I learned during this research is that a scientific field is often in trouble when the majority of researchers agree on one particular theory or one particular interpretation of observations. In general, one particular theory in a scientific field, however popular it may be, is eventually bound to fail. Thus, when the majority of researchers believe in that particular theory for a very long time, it means that the advance in that field is temporarily

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/96JA00182

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The author recounts some stations of his professional life, which was to a large extent dedicated to active experimentation with plasma clouds in space and to the development of theoretical concepts for some intriguing plasmaphsical processes. The human and political environment of this work receives some coverage as well as his opinion of state and future of his discipline.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/96JA00136

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Herein are recounted one aeronomer's recollections of how some advances in our understanding of how the Earth's upper atmosphere works were made during the quarter century beginning in 1950. That period was selected because it spans about half of his aeronomical career and ends at a time when there was a discontinuity in that career. During that time, aeronomers achieved a first‐order understanding of Earth's thermosphere and exosphere. Afterward many of them, including the author, became preoccupied with other problem

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/96JA00185

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper recounts a career that started out in nuclear physics and migrated through spectroscopy of aurora and airglow, study of the Earth's upper atmosphere, and spectroscopy of planetary atmospheres to work with sounding rockets and experiments on planetary spacecraft.

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/96JA00137

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In 1982–1985 an international scientific endeavor was attempted as the Middle Atmosphere Program, contributing successfully to exploring the last unknown part of the atmosphere on the planet Earth, the middle atmosphere. Now it seems timely for us to consider the whole atmosphere, which extends from the ground to the upper atmosphere and further into space as an entity. Each part of the atmosphere couples not only horizontally (globally) but also vertically. While the horizontal coupling is mainly important for conventional meteorology, the vertical one is significant, say, for space physics and, probably, future meteorology and will be the present topic. Atmospheric waves play an important role for the dynamic coupling of the atmosphere, transporting energy, momentum, and material mainly from below and releasing on the way in their propagation upward. Already in the last century, the existence of the tidal dynamo for the geomagneticSqvariation in the upper atmosphere was known as a manifestation of the dynamic coupling by atmospheric tides. Atmospheric internal gravity waves are now found to play an important role, among many others, in the general circulation of the middle atmosphere which is another manifestation of the dynamic coupling of the atmosphere. Reviewing remarkable progress in the last 40 years in the research of this subject, the author has suggested that frontiers of the future research would be to develop a GCM (General Circulation Model) to include the upper atmosphere and to establish an equatorial atmosphere observation syste

ISSN:0148-0227    

DOI:10.1029/96JA00135

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY