ISSN:0947-076X    

DOI:10.1002/vipr.19900020302

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0947-076X    

DOI:10.1002/vipr.19900020303

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0947-076X    

DOI:10.1002/vipr.19900020304

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0947-076X    

DOI:10.1002/vipr.19900020305

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAdvances in the technical/technological development has resulted in a large growth of vacuum applications and the employment of vacuum techniques in almost all technical fields. In response to this expansion, the number of commercial vacuum gauges has increased. For the engineer or technician it has become more difficult, to make the right choice of the gauge. The present paper is intended as a guide. First, the most important measuring principles are dicussed. Thereafter modern equipment is decribed with application notes for different pressure ranges.

ISSN:0947-076X    

DOI:10.1002/vipr.19900020306

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDetachable connections are used in cases where the operating time is not too long, or the arrangement of the vacuum equipment is required to be variable. Using detachable connections also allows access to the inner section of the vacuum equipment (for the purpose of service, maintenance, insertion of samples, etc.). Valves and vibration dampers e.g. are mainly flanged‐on.In general, these connections are more expensive than nondetachable ones (welding, soldering, melting, glueing) and provide almost the same high level of reliability of He‐tight, fittings, as far as leakages are concer

ISSN:0947-076X    

DOI:10.1002/vipr.19900020307

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAt the beginning of the food packaging there weren't special demands about vacuum pumps. When the permeation rates of the foils became lower the requirements of the vacuum systems increased. During the evacuation especially for rapidly spoiling food it is required to have a lower pressure. This necessitates a high pumping speed in the range where the water evaporates. The rotary vane vacuum pumps couldn't cope with the requirements. The importance of the roots blowers in the food packaging was discovered. The complete vacuum system could be installed out of the packaging room. The systems were equipped with large tubes which are used as volume buffers. This allows a fast evacuation of the food. The combination of rotary vane vacuum pumps and roots blowers needs a lower power consumption. Those advantages show that such vacuum systems find an increasing importance in the packaging industry.

ISSN:0947-076X    

DOI:10.1002/vipr.19900020308

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWith special emphasis on the crucial influence of vacuum physics and its techniques, a survey of the development of solid surface physics from its rudimentary beginnings in the early 1960s to its present state is given. Research aims and basic methods, as well as shifts in the areas of interest, are treated in chronological order. Comparing the development of surface physics with that of older fields of physics, the question of predicting its future development is then posed.

ISSN:0947-076X    

DOI:10.1002/vipr.19900020309

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0947-076X    

DOI:10.1002/vipr.19900020310

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0947-076X    

DOI:10.1002/vipr.19900020311

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY