摘要:

In this paper we discuss the notion of automaticity as used in information‐processing accounts of learning and recent criticism of this concept. It is suggested that improvement in performance can sometimes be due to a restructuring of the components of a task so that they are integrated and reorganized in new ways, thereby allowing procedures involving the old components to be replaced by more efficient procedures involving new components. We describe a study of reading in a second language that suggests there are at least two modes of learning — that achieved by the gradual accretion of automaticity and that achieved by restructur

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00374.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reports the results of an analysis to determine whether derivational complexity is a determinant of item difficulty in a sentence repetition task. Fifty ESL subjects took a 26 item sentence repetition test. It was possible to estimate Rasch item difficulty indices for 18 items. The high‐difficulty items were derivationally more complex than the low‐difficulty items; however, predictions made in the early derivational complexity research about passive, negative, and interrogative sentences were not confirmed in this research. A linguistic analysis of the most difficult items suggests that this sample of ESL subjects experienced difficulties in processing adverbials, compounding and reduction of clauses, and the non‐finite ve

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00375.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the search for universals of relative clause acquisition, the present research investigated the comprehension of six types of Hindi‐Urdu correlative sentences by child and adult L1 and L2 learners. Group comparisons show a sharper distinction between the performance of the first and second language learners than between the children and adults. While the native speakers tend to pay attention to case markers in interpreting sentences, the English‐speaking learners tend to ignore these morphological cues, relying rather on a word order heuristic. The L1 errors, particularly those of the adults, are more systematic than the L2. Many of the learners do not appear to have any functional strategy for discovering the missing noun complement in the Hindi‐Urdu correlative clauses and instead resort to random guessing. The paper concludes that language universals are available for the processing of complex structures only once a certain level of proficiency has been att

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00376.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Lexical government refers to the relationship between a phrasal head and its complement. In this paper it is used to define a centre and periphery in word order typology. The direction of the government relation gives rise to two word order types. It is proposed that grammars in which the phrasal heads show a major split in their direction of government are more marked than those with a uniform direction.This framework serves to generate multiple, graded predictions about word order in non‐primary acquisition and the predictions are tested on a broad range of available L2 word order data. The investigation indicates that while L2 learners do have access to the defining principle, they may not be as successful as L1 learners in acquiring peripheral word order attributes and word orders with a split in the direction of governmen

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00377.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This comparative study investigates first and second language learners' acquisition of tone accents in Swedish. Tone accent distribution is governed by morphophonological rules and the accents are manifested in characteristic pitch patterns. LI learners acquire the full accent distinction at around the age of five, while many L2 learners never do. The tone accent production of two monolingual Swedish children (1;11‐2;5) recorded longitudinally over seven months was compared to that of American adults acquiring Swedish as L2. Both populations overgeneralized one pitch pattern to all bisyllabic words: children used Accent 2 (two‐peaked) and adults Accent 1 (one‐peaked), analogous to the prevailing pattern of their L1. These results are discussed in terms of comparing children's acquisitional strategies with those of L2 learners. Furthermore, the children's early acquisition of a marked phenomenon (Accent 2) forces us to reconsider markedness criteria and whether Accent 2 is marked from a production point of

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00378.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Within the field of second language acquisition research, one can discern three different approaches to the study of the input requirements of second language learners: the data‐oriented approach, the language‐model approach, and the processing‐model approach. In this article, each approach is characterized and its strengths and weaknesses are pointed out. Then one type of input, metalinguistic input, is identified, and the three approaches are compared with respect to their claims concerning the metalinguistic needs of the le

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00379.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00380.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00381.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00382.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0023-8333    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1986.tb00383.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY