摘要:

Our study evaluates the equity and efficiency of OSHA enforcement relating to the nature of the firm, the intensity of the inspection, and the size of penalty, based on the experience of 6,842 firms between 1979 and 1985. We found that: (1) enforcement actions against firms with one hundred to five hundred employees had greater general and specific deterrence effects than against larger or smaller firms; (2) superficial inspections that checked only the firm's injury records were ineffective. Health inspections, which tend to be more intense, also reduced injuries, but repeated inspections in the same year did not; and (3) larger penalties did not increase either general or specific deterrence. Small penalties decreased injuries as much as larger ones, and took considerably less inspection time. We discuss implications for policy, and emphasize the need for further research on the equity and efficiency of enforcement.

ISSN:0265-8240    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1991.tb00066.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper argues that sound principles of freedom of expression protect an individual's choice of which language to speak. They do so, not to guarantee against mistranslation, but rather to ensure that speakers are able to reach their intended audiences and, more importantly, to allow for the expressive value of speaking a particular language as a symbol of ethnic or political identification. The example of Quebec's Charter of the French Language and the resulting litigation is considered in some detail.

ISSN:0265-8240    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1991.tb00067.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Corporate misconduct is of increasing concern to society ‐ and researchers. Despite this increased research focus, little is known about the factors that lead to such wrongdoing, the consequences of such behavior, and consequently of meaningful remedies and deterrence measures. A large factor in this information problem is the ambiguity surrounding the definition and use of the terms “corporate crime” and “illegal corporate behavior.” Researchers use them interchangeably despite the fact they are two different phenomena. This article reviews some of the definitions and uses of these terms, and points out the confusion which results. It then discusses major differences between illegal corporate behavior and corporate crime, and the positive implications of treating them s

ISSN:0265-8240    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1991.tb00068.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In contemporary Western societies, policing has become associated with the state although this practice is of recent origin and by no means universal. Even within post‐industrial states, non‐state forms of policing exist and may be a rediscovered source of social control. A survey of subway riders in New York City provides information about citizen dispositions toward policing by state and non‐state sources. It was found that respondents are substantially more supportive of a self designated citizen anti‐crime organization, the Guardian Angels, than they are of the New York City Transit Police although a sizable number of respondents support both sources of policing. Differential assessment is related to perception of crime trends, the degrees to which respondents believe bystanders will intervene on their behalf in the event of a crime, fear of victimization and the reported likelihood that respondents will intervene. Such findings are useful in addressing general theoretical issues respecting the basis for support of state and non‐state policing and their relative role in socia

ISSN:0265-8240    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9930.1991.tb00069.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY