ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1970.tb00867.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThree major questions are raised concerning Bostrom's assumptions underlying his application of game theory to communication research. First, an individual can either seek to maximize his own self‐benefit or to maximize the mutual group benefit, but he cannot do both simultaneously, as Bostrom indicates. Second, regarding the assumption that individuals consistently order their preferences according to an internal scale: the probability of consistency of preference, criterion valuation, and interval units of identical size is very small in real life situations. (An acceptable method of dealing with interval units, using ratios of differences, is described.) Third is the criticism that Bostrom focuses game theory on the solution of an interaction rather than on the communication process through which the solution is derived.In his rejoinder, Bostrom denies stating that individualswillinteract to achieve their greatest mutual satisfaction—but that theyought to, and his purpose was to make possible an analysis of the degree to which particular communicative acts approached this “ideal.” To restrict game theory to conflict situations (as Beisecker, and past game theorists, have done) is to ignore a potentially valuable tool for communication research. The fact that communicative measurement is complex is not new, nor a valid reason for no attempt being made to accomp

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1970.tb00868.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1970.tb00869.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBased on experimentsshowing reactions to induced frustration, it was assumed that lack of clarity on the part of an employee regarding his own job or the overall mission of his location will have significant negative consequences. It was thus hypothesized that: (1) lack of clarity of individual job objectives would be negatively related to job satisfaction and overall satisfaction, and (2) that lack of clarity of location of mission would be negatively related to job satisfaction, overall satisfaction and perceptions of organizational cohesiveness (both intra‐ and inter‐departmental). All six predicted relationships were obtained. Implications of these results, including those for organizational communication and personnel administration, are discus

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1970.tb00870.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis studyis concerned with verbal cues, emitted by white speakers, that lead to ineffective communication between white and Black people. Because of their life experiences, many Black people have a profound distrust for white speakers. Therefore, the “perceived” insincerity of a white speaker will be a significant factor which affects the communication between white and Black people. This study identified many of the verbal indices that Blacks use to judge the sincerity of white speakers.Interviews were conducted with 130 Black people in Pittsburgh, ennsylvania, who were asked to list verbal indices that they use to make the judgment that a given white speaker is insincere. The responses ranged from “One of my best friends is a Negro,” to “I grew up in a Negro neighbourhood,” to “I like you people.” It appears that many white speakers try to show an affinity for Black people and attempt to show an understanding of the Black experience. In so doing, they often simply make the Black auditor even more suspicious of their sincerity. The reason for this is that the verbal index, “you people” is contradictory to an understanding of the Black experience. Other white speakers use stereotypes of Blacks and thereby are perceived as not being sincerely interested in the welfare of Black people. Finally, some white speakers say things that indicate that they do not understand the Black experience and therefore they are jud

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1970.tb00871.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, has extensive influence in those reaches of the world first waking to the rushing societies around them, and is bringing to these peoples the basic tools of education that make informed men.The article describes a program established in Colombia, S.A., in 1947, using radio. The dedication and ingenuity of the plan brought it support from the government and UNESCO but it remained basically a grass roots operation. Over a quarter of a million children and adults benefited from this program.Radio broadcasting for educational purposes was also practiced by the British during World War II on the Gold Coast in West Africa. There is a description of the methods used and the unique problems of language and local customs.Finally, the author analyzes UNESCO's qualifications for increased involvement in international education of emergent nations' adults and children and proposes a UNESCO university.

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1970.tb00872.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purpose, was to study whether speaker‐message perception and attitude change occuring under varying conditions of speaker and message quality are related to perceptual field independence defined by performance on the Embedded Figures Test (EFT). High, moderate and low EFT scored beard a good speaker deliver a poor message and a matched group heard a poor speaker deliver a good message. Dependent variables were a criticism inventory, opinion ballot and attitude scale. Results indicated that perceptual orientation was significantly related to relative focus on speaker or message, but as a function of speaker and message quality. The hypothesis on attitude change in relation to perceptual orientation was not supported. The study emphasizes the need for research on listening as a perceptual proces

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1970.tb00873.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn experimentwas conducted to determine the ability of students at two levels of academic achievement to comprehend compressed speech. The effects of two variables: rate of presentation and academic grade level of the subjects, and their interaction, were investigated. Compression of speech was done electronically with a speech compressor to achieve rates of 165 to 330 words per minute. The data were test scores representing the number of correct answers on a 20 item test of factual recall. An analysis of variance revealed significant differences within the main effects of rate and academic level of subjects; no significant difference was found in the interaction of the two variables.

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1970.tb00874.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe purposeof this study was to determine the effect of messages of varying ethos upon opinion change. The results support the hypothesis that messages attributed to a High Ethos Group are more influential than those attributed to a Collection of High Ethos individuals, a High Ethos individual, a Low Ethos Group, and a Collection of Low Ethos individuals.

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1970.tb00875.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe attitude dataavailable on foreign groups are generally not enough for reconstructing their perception of a theme or problem. Attitude data show, for instance, whether a foreign group is for or against socialism, but they will not reveal whether the members of the group use the word socialism to refer to democracy or to communism, nor whether they identify it with Sweden or Red China, etc.The Associative Group Analysis technique (AGA)‐which relies on the comparative analysis of free verbal associations produced by samples of people from the investigator's own and his target culture‐offers attitude data as well as data on denotative, referential meanings. An associationbased attitude index has shown as a group measure high positive correlation with the criterion measures of the Semantic Differential evaluation scales and an attitude questionnaire.A second method of analysis focusing on the denotative, referential meaning was applied to universally approved value concepts: freedom, equality, etc. U.S. and Korean groups (N = 50) were tested, and the analysis has shown a variety of different culturally specific denotative components. The findings support Sapir's observation about the deceptive nature of certain universally approved “labels” to which various people attach different interpre

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1970.tb00876.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY