ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00081.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPast controversiesover the relative effectiveness of auditory, visual, and audiovisual channels are seen as the results of nondifferentiation of error and equivocation. Seventh grade students were used as Ss in an experiment consisting of noise and no noise conditions with constrained and nonconstrained communication in A, V, and AV treatments. Data were examined in terms of output, error, equivocation, and recalled (shared) information based upon information theory.The superiority of the AV treatment was substantiated in all respects of information processing, making less error and equivocation, but recalling more information correctly as compared with the A or V channel. Comparisons between A and V unequivocally established the fact that V made less error but more equivocation, whereas A processed more output information and also made more error; however, there was no significant difference between them in recalled information.The dependence of A upon constraint was found to be far greater than that of AV whose dependence in turn was greater than that of V. Noise was found to affect A most, V the next most, and AV the least. With between‐channel redundancy AV seemed to be capable of reducing the effect of nois

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00082.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00083.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00084.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Certain hypothesesconcerning persuasive communications, based on reference‐group and congruity theory were tested in the field in France and Egypt. The research design involved three levels of identified sources, two levels of attribution of the source of the message, two levels of translation of the message, and five widely‐used consumer products. The persuasive messages used were five print advertisements which had been run quite successfully in mass‐circulated magazines in the United States.Findings suggest that persuasive messages are easier to transfer from one culture to another than is generally supposed. With the audience tested here, it seemed to make little difference whether the source was native or foreign, whether the message was attributed or not, or even whether it was illustrated. There was some support for the hypothesis that a message translated idiomatically is not as effective as one stressing the same point which is composed from scratch in the language of the intended audience. The study suggests that general theories such as reference group and consistency theories may need refinement and possible modification when they are applied to cultures other than the one in which they were deve

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00085.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMost mathematical modelsof communication have, like information theory, described one‐way transmission of information and its attendant characteristics. Yet most communication theorists will agree with Berlo that communication is a dynamic, interdependent process. The problem of mathematical description of such a process is quite difficult because this process transcends the mechanics of signaling. The theory of games, which analyzes interactions in terms of their outcomes, is proposed as an alternative mathematical description.The assumptions necessary for such description are (1) that most communication is purposeful activity occuring between at least two participants, (2) that the participants in this process have goals that are observable and measurable, (3) that the interaction of maximum value to participants represents the goal of ideal communication. Granting these assumptions, then communication can be described in terms of an array of outcomes or a matrix which can be “solved” by means of the theory of games. Such solution represents the “ideal” interaction and the application of such theory to communicative situations should be very p

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00086.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFloyd Allport'sevent‐structure theory of behavior is the basis of this model. The process of communication is seen as the changing patterns of events or contacts between the constituent components of a transactional situation. A series of contacts between sub‐components closes in on itself, thereby enabling the series to repeat itself and thus become a self sustaining process which can serve as a component of a higher order of a structure within the situation. This component may be the control cycle, or finally, the communication cycle.The analysis attempts to support George Gerbner's view that the behavioral patterns which sustain a message system are of more importance to research than whether a particular message does or does not change a specific respo

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00087.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe “Supervisory Inventory on Communication”(S.I.C.) was developed to meet the need for tools to help in the teaching of communication in business and industry.A preliminary draft of 160 items was mailed to 500 N.S.S.C. members and 120 responses were received. The final draft of 80 items was prepared and mailed to N.S.S.C. members. Responses were received from 136 members.An analysis of responses to the final draft of the S.I.C. was made to determine: “To what extent do N.S.S.C. members agree on definitions, philosophy, principles, and approaches to communication in industry and business?”The responses of the 136 N.S.S.C. members were tabulated and revealed the following:1.Total ScoresThe average (mean) response was 74.9 correct items out of the 80. This was further broken down and showed an average score of 75.1 for academic N.S.S.C. members and 74.5 for non‐academic N.S.S.C. members.2.Item AnalysisThere were seven items out of 80 where more than 20% of the respondents disagreed with the scoring key answer. A disagreement of 34% with the scoring key response was the highest for any item of

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00088.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis theoretical discussionpresents the base for a series of experimental studies designed to develop thinking processes in elementary school children in communication skills. The theoretical model was based originally in major part on a synthesis of concepts from Hilgard'sTheories of Learning and Instruction.Central to the model is the statement from Gagne that learning contributes to intellectual development because it is cumulative in its effects. That is, students learn a developmental sequence of increasingly complex and interacting structures of learned capabilities. The major divisions of the model are labeled cognitive readiness, reinforcement, and transfer. Clusters of hypothesizedconceptsnumbering 16 in total are described in progressive cumulative and dependent relationship. Empirical testing under way appears to give some support to the web of relationships in the classificatory scheme. A total sample of 683 fifth‐grade pupils completing all 9 experimental measures has contributed data for an analysis of gross subcapabilities related to improvement of problem‐solving skills. The teaching‐learning strategy for the experiment was based on the above model. A curriculum of over 100 lessons was constructed in accordance with the theoretical model and with an emphasis on either: reinforcement of a central problem‐solving program, or subcapabilities of listening, or sub‐capabilities of qualitative levels of thinking—all supposedly contributing to improved problem‐solving skills. As the concepts for the model are presented, illustrative pupil and teacher verbalization (actual) is given for

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00089.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:OrganizationalEffectiveness: AnInventory ofPropositions. By James L. PriceScales for theMeasurement ofAttitudes. By Marvin E. Shaw and Jack M. Wright.Discussion andConference. William M. Sattler and N. Edd Miller.TheSpeechWritingGuides: ProfessionalTechniques forRegular andOccasionalSpeakers. By James J. WelshPersuasiveCommunication. By Erwin P. Bettinghaus.OrganizationalCommunication: A Bibliography. By Henry Voos.Speaking is aPracticalMatter. By Bernard P. McCabe Jr.HumanCommunicationTheory: OriginalEssays. Edited by Frank E. X. DanceFrancisBacon onTheNature ofMan: TheFaculties ofMan'sSoul. By Karl R. WallaceSuggestingThroughAdvertising. By Jorge C. Rebaza.TaxAspects ofCorporateMergers, Exchanges, Redemptions, Liquidations andReorganizations. By James P. ReevesTheCataloging andClassification ofCinemaLiterature. By Robert Steele.

ISSN:0021-9916    

DOI:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1968.tb00090.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY