摘要:

This paper reports climatic damage and height performance in a Norway spruce progeny trial in northern Norway. Control‐crossed and open‐pollinated material from the Lyngdal seed orchard in southern Norway was tested, as well as controls from northern natural seed stands. The first year after planting the four‐year‐old transplants from the seed orchard were more damaged by winter frost than the controls. No differences in climatic damage were found between open‐pollinated and control‐crossed seed orchard plants. The seed orchard plants, vigorous at planting, showed reduced growth and were not taller than the controls two years after being damaged. Nine years from seeds, however, the survival was still high (95%) and the plants had recovered from the winter frost damages. The Lyngdal seed orchard material is not recommended for use on exposed sites in northern Norway.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827588909382571

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Data from three independent experiments with young plants of Norway spruce were used in a methodological study of freezing tests. Frost hardiness was induced both in a phytotron and in a nursery. It was found that frost hardiness developed quickly in both environments; the frost damage decreased from 4–7% per day at a given test temperature. A large between‐ and within‐room variation in frost hardiness was obtained in the phytotron. Needle damage assessment data showed a large deviation from the normal distribution. A transformation of the data providing both normalization and homogenization of variances was possible. The plants were phenotypically grouped in different needle damage classes and mean values of growth and bud‐set were calculated for each of the classes. Mean plant height before tests and bud‐set were both strongly correlated to needle damage. Severely damaged plants were tallest, but the plants became tall because of late bud‐set. Severe needle damage had a negative influence on the growth after tests in one of the experiments. The ranking was stable between experimental entries comparing ‐10 with ‐20°C tests. The correlation between mean needle damage and actual survival after tests was high. Classification of visual symptoms on needles is a good method for estimating freezing injury in Norway spruce.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827588909382572

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Analytical and empirical relationships are established among parameters of spatial interactions among plants (Mead's coefficient of inter‐plant interaction (competition), Smith's empirical law of soil heterogeneity, intra‐plot correlations, and spatial autocorrelation). The significance of spatial inter‐plant interactions on the statistical efficiency of field design, sample sizes, and field estimates is discussed. Besides providing insight into the complexities of inter‐plant interactions, the exposition also provides procedures for removing the bias generated by these interactions, and algorithms for obtaining spatial parameters from ANOVA results.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827588909382573

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The composition of volatile wood constituents in healthy (untreated) and injured (top‐cut or girdled) Scots pine trees,Pinus sylvestrisL., was studied during three years using gas chromatography. The data were evaluated using PCA (principal components analysis) and PLS‐DA (projections to latent structures‐discriminant analysis), two methods for multivariate data analysis. Data from headspace analysis from the first and the third year revealed a significant difference in the composition of volatile wood constituents between untreated and top‐cut trees while GC analysis of extracts only revealed a significant difference for the first year. The higher proportions of ethanol and acetaldehyde in top‐cut trees were important in differentiating these trees from healthy ones. Differences in the monoterpene composition also seemed to be important in this respect. Untreated trees remained unattacked by the scolytid species.Hylurgops palliants(Gyll.) andTrypodendron lineatum(Oliv.) (Scolytidae) only attacked top‐cut trees, which were characterized by relatively high proportions of ethanol and acetaldehyde.Tomicus piniperda(L.) attacked both top‐cut and girdled trees, which were in some, but not all cases also characterized by relatively high proportions of ethanol and acetaldehyde.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827588909382574

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Pheromone dispensers containing methylbutenol, (‐)cis‐verbenol and ipsdienol, which are the three components of theIps typographuspheromone, retained their effectiveness for 8 years when stored in sealed aluminium bags in an unheated room in the cellar of a storehouse

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827588909382575

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Electricity prices in Sweden will most probably double, or more, during the next 10 to 15 years as a result of the decision to discontinue nuclear power production. This will substantially change the comparative advantage of all forest‐based product industries, some to the worse, some to the better. Roundwood prices and fellings will be affected and possibly the competitive position of wood‐based energy production. This paper estimates various types of effects with a long run pulpwood market model. The effects on electricity intensive production (CTMP, newsprint, etc.) may be drastic. However, the fall in total industrial consumption and price of pulpwood will be limited. The reduction in price is not sufficient to make pulpwood economically attractive as fuel. Own‐price elasticities of electricity demand are greater than reported elsewhere.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827588909382576

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Smoothing a sample‐based diameter distribution can provide a potentially better paradigm of a population distribution. Goodness‐of‐fit comparisons between raw cumulative distribution functions, nonparametric curves and Weibull densities fit to the raw distribution are presented based on two simulated forest stands.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827588909382577

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

On an acid forest soil in West Jutland, Denmark, an experiment with artificially acidified rain was carried out, in order to identify the base reactions in the soil resulting from the acid rain and to localize where in the soil profile neutralization takes place. The effect of lime as an agent against the effects of artificially acidified rain was also investigated. The artificial acid rain was quantitatively neutralized in the O horizon due to ion exchange primarily with calcium and magnesium. This process produced increased concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium and inorganic aluminium in the soil solution sampled from E and Bh horizons. The soil did not retain sulphate, and it may be concluded that the acid is leached as metal sulphates. Also in limed plots magnesium and sodium were released from the O horizon, but to a lesser extent, and no inorganic aluminium was released into the soil solution from the E horizon. Liming may counteract harmful effects of mobilized aluminium and calcium deficiency, but must be carefully managed, because liming increases the rate of organic matter mineralization, and thus influences the very sensitive and often unstable ecosystem. Therefore, if restoration of the base status of forest soils is needed, it is recommended that slow‐reacting magnesium‐containing limestone be used at small application rates.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827588909382578

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The distribution and quantitative recovery of fertilizer N were determined in three 29‐ to 43‐year‐old stands of Scots pine, located in western Uppland, Central Sweden. The experimental technique involved was based on the use of15N‐labelled fertilizer materials and non‐trenched microplots of special design. The standard dose of nitrogen applied was 160 kg N ha‐1. The primary topics examined were (1) fertilizer nitrogen accumulation in trees and in the soil system as influenced by nitrogen source, nitrogen application rate, time of application during the growing season, granule size of the nitrogen material, and method of placement, (2) distribution of labelled N within the tree (different organs of the tree), and (3) redistribution of accumulated N in the tree over an observation period of two to three growing seasons. When quantified at the end of the second growing season, the labelled N accumulation in trees, concerning plots treated with calcium nitrate or ammonium nitrate, averaged 36% (SD=7). The accumulation resulting from split doses did not differ significantly from that resulting from a single‐dose application, nor did granule size of the nitrogen materials have any significant effect on accumulation. For urea source of nitrogen, the recovery figure was markedly lower, averaging 28% (SD=6). When expressed as a percentage, the accumulation in trees was not significantly different for 40 and 160 kg nitrogen application rates. In one of the experiments application timing during the growing season proved to be an important factor determining the extent of fertilizer nitrogen accumulation in trees. The figures for total recovery of labelled nitrogen in above‐ground parts of trees and in soil, when restricting measurements to the forest floor and the 0–32 cm mineral soil, ranged from 46 to 84%, with an average of 60%. The recovery was lowest for a treatment with calcium nitrate, when applied relatively late in the growing season, and highest for a split application of urea. Treatments with urea source of nitrogen were characterized by a high accumulation of immobilized N in the organic LFH layer of the soils. Recovery figures exceeded 82 % for a 40‐kg N dose of nitrogen, regardless of the nitrogen source.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827588909382579

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Spatial and temporal variation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, B and Al concentrations in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) bark and stemwood was studied in three stands at different stages of development. Concentrations of the mobile nutrients N, P and K increased in stemwood and inner bark towards the youngest tissues vertically towards the top of the stem, and horizontally from the pith to the youngest annual rings. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn were greatest in the oldest tissues and decreased horizontally towards the youngest annual rings. There was a slight increase of most nutrients near the divide between sapwood and heartwood. Seasonal nutrient variation was greatest in the inner bark. The highest nutrient concentrations occurred in winter and spring. Concentrations also varied with stand age, especially in the inner bark, being lowest in the oldest stand.

ISSN:0282-7581    

DOI:10.1080/02827588909382580

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor