ISSN:0898-5952    

DOI:10.1111/j.1937-8327.1989.tb00407.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn the past, systems of instruction and retrieval have delivered different information, have served different functions, and have varied in content coverage, control, interaction, and amount of monitoring and guidance provided. However, technological trends that increase the amount and kind of information available on‐line and that increase the speed and ease with which it can be searched are eroding these differences. It is now possible to put more primary information online in more varied forms and to make it more easily accessible to those who lack knowledge of computers or retrieval systems. Consequently, retrieval systems are becoming an alternative to instruction as a way to learn. In certain circumstances, letting people learn from information retrieval systems might be preferable to more formal approaches to instruction. Cognitive psychology provides clues about when to use retrieval systems to teach and train. Using retrieval systems or instructional systems is not an all‐or‐nothing decision. New instructional designs like hypermedia and “parallel systems” are appearing that integrate formal instruction and information

ISSN:0898-5952    

DOI:10.1111/j.1937-8327.1989.tb00408.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHypertext is a computer technology for “nonsequential reading and writing” in which chunks or nodes of information are connected by fixed links. Users access hypertext by selecting cross‐reference (or “buttons”) in the context of a given node that is connected via links to other nodes. Such an “associative” strategy for information storage and retrieval differs from the indexing and searching technology of conventional database management and text retrieval systems, and offers significant advantages when used instead of or in combination with search systems. Hypertext is an ideal medium for making job aids, reference materials, and ‘just in time training’ available online to information‐based workers. This article reviews five commercially available hypertext systems, and discusses several key hypertext design issues. Among the most important of these issues are the critical role of navigational aids in preventing users from becoming “lost” in the hypertext, the application of structured writing techniques to hypertext development, and the potential contributions of the human performance technology approach to hypertext in the form of systematic analysis, design,

ISSN:0898-5952    

DOI:10.1111/j.1937-8327.1989.tb00409.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHypertext is a nonlinear way of presenting content consisting of nodes and links that a person can access using a variety of search and browsing strategies. In this article, we focus on the use of hypertext as an instructional tool. We compare hypertext instruction with traditional instructional formats. We offer some initial guidelines relating to guidance and control, development and implementation, multiuser management, user interface, and content representation. The paper concludes with a discussion of limitations of learner control as an instructional strategy, and the need for careful instructional design of hypertext instructional programs.

ISSN:0898-5952    

DOI:10.1111/j.1937-8327.1989.tb00410.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThree of the five prerequisites for change to a performance support system orientation exist: (a) Need and sponsor dissatisfaction with the status quo; (b) available and affordable alternatives; and (c) mindsets. The missing conditions are the development of a critical mass of people with vision who have the knowledge and skill to proceed, and the development of a sufficient transition and implementation strategy.Currently, a limited few are sufficiently familiar with the new alternatives—and while they have made the required mindset shifts, they are insufficient in number and not at sufficient organizational levels to sponsor the development of performance support systems.The key to developing effective performance support system strategy development and implementation is achieving the mindset or frame of reference shifts among those persons who can sponsor and fund the change and among the functional representatives who must participate in the change. The performance system view must be sold with benefits to the employees involved, to the overall organization, and to the functional participants in mind.Our current business problem is inadequate employee performance. Throwing in more traditional training events, regardless of whether they are interactive or not, will not solve it. The outcomes of traditional training are simply inadequate. And inadequate is now (and probably always was) insufficient. We have the technological means to develop and implement alternatives, but in order to accomplish the results we need, our view must shift from training to learning and then to performance. The focus must shift from rigidly defined content and training program structure, created by an instructional designer, to truly individualized learning experiences created by the learner. We must get out of our historical mindset and organizational boxes and take the broader and longer view. The future requires it. We must make a difference by affecting employee performanc

ISSN:0898-5952    

DOI:10.1111/j.1937-8327.1989.tb00411.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article presents both the short‐arid long‐term economic considerations that should drive the implementation of knowledge support systems. These systems utilize emerging computer and information technologies to provide employees with training, reference, and expert advice on desk‐top computer terminals. Specifically, those considerations that apply to training and performance managers are discussed. In reviewing the short‐ and long‐term aspects of performance in economic terms, these managers will be better equipped to propose and justify knowledge support system technology.This article also addresses how managers can cope with short‐term requirements for cutbacks and cost control. Instead of going into a defensive position during times of cost control, managers can propose new knowledge support system technology that will help the corporation move forward with cost controls and prepare for the future requirements of increasing the performance of people.Finally, a knowledge support system that fits the short‐ and long‐term economic requirements of corporations is presented. This knowledge support system integrates the features of computer‐based training, hypertext reference systems, and expert systems

ISSN:0898-5952    

DOI:10.1111/j.1937-8327.1989.tb00412.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe potential impact of information technology on the workplace is greater than simply changing how work is performed by individuals. Our assumptions regarding information systems in traditional organizations are out of date and being challenged by the capabilities provided by new information technologies. The organization of the future will require a much higher degree of system integration in order to respond to the increasing demands for flexibility and rapid change in the global marketplace. This will require a complete re‐thinking of current organizational assumptions and a whole system re‐design effort at the organizational level. Performance technologists, in order to play a vital role in building this new organizational future, will need to apply their collective knowledge on the whole system rather than on isolated elements, and to understand the interaction between the technology and the organizat

ISSN:0898-5952    

DOI:10.1111/j.1937-8327.1989.tb00413.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAs part of NSPI's strategic plan, the NSPI Technology Council was created in 1987. In fulfilling its function to scan the technology domain for emerging contributions, the Technology Council has centered its initial efforts on improving communication between sources and users of information related to emerging human performance technology applications. Input for this effort is derived from a national network of “sensors” who monitor new developments.In speaking for the Technology Council, I have outlined the work of the Council over the past two years. Our plans, described here, are divided into six topics: information dissemination, conceptual models of working relationships, collaboration, feedback, research, and recognition. The Council's hope for this issue is that it will generate ideas from the readership resulting in significant improvements to our technol

ISSN:0898-5952    

DOI:10.1111/j.1937-8327.1989.tb00414.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe articles in. this issue seem to be converging on the concept of the “performance support system”—an integrated electronic job aid designed to support all the performance requirements of a given job or job function. The concept has implications for design of hypertext, other databases, job structure, organization structure, and training needs. The economic (business) case for performance support systems seems to position them as strategic investments, and the developers and managers of the systems will be responsible for the most critical asset of knowledge‐based co

ISSN:0898-5952    

DOI:10.1111/j.1937-8327.1989.tb00415.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0898-5952    

DOI:10.1111/j.1937-8327.1989.tb00416.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY