摘要:

SUMMARYThe term apoptosis has been coined for a morphologically distinctive mode of cell death, which plays an opposite role to mitosis in controlling the size of animal tissues: it is fundamentally different from the well known phenomenon of necrosis that results from irreversible injury to cells by agents such as toxins and ischaemia.Cells affected by apoptosis condense and bud to produce many membrane‐bounded fragments in which organelles are well preserved. These are phagocytosed and digested by nearby resident tissue cells without associated inflammation; the viable cells merely close ranks. Extensive deletion of cells may thus take place without disorganisation of overall tissue architecture.Apoptosis occurs continuously in healthy animals. It is enhanced in endocrine‐dependent tissues during the reversible shrinkage that follows appropriate hormone withdrawal or administration, and it is also implicated in total and irreversible involution of tissues in normal animals, such as loss of the tadpole tail during metamorphosis and elimination of phylogenetic vestiges during embryonic development.Apoptosis takes place spontaneously and continuously in malignant neoplasms, often grossly retarding their growth, and cytotoxic drug administration and X irradiation enhance apoptosis as well as inhibiting mitosis in neoplasms; tumour regression following therapy with these agents is the result of tipping the balance between the two processes. Hyperthermia enhances apoptosis in foetal tissues and adult seminiferous tubules; its effect on apoptosis in neoplasms needs study. Cell mediated immune attack on cells induces apoptosis, not necrosis; apoptosis may thus sometimes be enhanced in neoplasms by immunological means.The features of apoptosis suggest that it is an active process of cellular self‐destruction rather than a form of cell degeneration. This carries the implication that it is genetically programmed. Further understanding of the regulation of the onset of apoptosis at the molecular level may lead to the discovery of improved methods of tumour trea

ISSN:0004-8461    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1673.1979.tb02131.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-8461    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1673.1979.tb02132.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYA hemiplegia complicating a successfully treated angioma arising from the internal maxillary artery is described. The probable pathogenesis of the complication is discussed.A right common carotid arteriogram and a selective right external carotid arteriogram were carried out.The common carotid arteriogram showed that the intra‐cerebral arteries were normal. The external carotid arteriogram showed an enlarged main stem and a greatly enlarged internal maxillary artery (Figure 1). A rapid series of films in the antero‐posterior and lateral projections were taken and subtraction films prepared, to identify the feeding vessels to the arterio‐venous malformation and to exclude any connections between the external and internal carotid arterial systems.The internal maxillary artery and its branches were the only feeding vessels demonstrated as supplying a large arterio‐venous malformation situated in the pterygo‐palatine fossa (Figure 2).Because of the anatomical site of the angioma and its wide ramification, it was decided that the most suitable method of treatment would be embolisation of the main feeding arteries rather than an attempt at surgical removal.Following embolisation the patient developed a hemiplegia. A C.T. Scan confirmed the presence of an area of infarction in the right hemisphere of the brain. The hemiplegia slowly improved over a period of four months but left a residual partial paralysis of the left arm.The embolisation therapy was successful in abolishing the bruit and the vascular hum complained of by th

ISSN:0004-8461    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1673.1979.tb02133.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-8461    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1673.1979.tb02134.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYFifty‐five degree posterior oblique tomography of the chest is currently a popular method of evaluating the hilum. Although a relatively recent modality in English‐speaking countries, its use goes back several decades in parts of Europe.Over 1,000 of our patients have now been examined by this technique, and we have found it to be a highly accurate means of evaluating hilar pathology. Our principal use of the technique is in the staging of lung cancer, where it is utilised along with computed tomography and gallium scanning. We have found posterior oblique tomography to be as accurate, and occasionally superior, to computed tomography in staging the hilum. The technique is ideal for excluding pathology in the case of the “problem” hilum, and of great use in the localization of lesions adjacent to the posterior portions of the major fissures.With experience, the radiographic anatomy in the oblique projection is easy to in

ISSN:0004-8461    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1673.1979.tb02135.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYA radiological series of nine cases of pulmonary torulosis from Darwin Hospital and the Northern Territory of Australia is presented. The common radiological appearance is that of a solitary circumscribed lung opacity and therefore the radiological differentiation is from other lesions of this radiological type. The relatively young age and aboriginal race of most patients and the frequent presence of concomitant meningitis are important factors in the diagnosis of a pulmonary toruloma.

ISSN:0004-8461    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1673.1979.tb02136.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-8461    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1673.1979.tb02137.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYIn part I P.N.G. Clinical Trial (Pilot Study), six cases of primary hepatocellular carcinoma were treated with telecobalt therapy.A simple and easily reproducible method was developed using 6,000 rads high dose split‐course technique. Side effects evident during treatment were relatively minor. All cases responded to radiotherapy and five showed rapid regression of massive tumours. Raised AFP levels, when present, tended to fall during and after radiotherapy. Average survival was 6.3 months, with one case surviving 18 months.A 4,000 rad, two phase, split‐course regime is recommended for the future. (Part II P.N.G. Clinical Tri

ISSN:0004-8461    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1673.1979.tb02138.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe use of the Burhenne chatheter for the successful removal of retained gall stones in six (6) patients is reported. All the stones were removed, some of which were fragmented in the process. The technique is simple and is done on an outpatient basis without premedication or anaesthesia, It may be repeated as often as necessary.

ISSN:0004-8461    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1673.1979.tb02139.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-8461    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1673.1979.tb02140.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY