摘要:

A key was illuminated on the average of every 30 sec for a duration of 6 sec and this was followed by food presentations. When key pecks in the presence of the light produced immediate access to grain (autoshaping procedure) pigeons were likely to peck. When pecks terminated the keylight but prevented access to grain (automaintenance procedure) pigeons were much less likely to peck. Seven of 12 pigeons failed to develop responding during the automaintenance procedure. Four of the five pigeons that responded during the automaintenance procedure were exposed to a procedure in which responses could not immediately terminate the light. Three of the four ceased to respond during optimal automaintenance conditions, suggesting that the response‐dependent offset of the keylight had been reinforcing their pecking. Responding during the automaintenance procedure was eliminated for a fifth pigeon by eliminating the contiguity of light‐offset and food‐onset on those trials in which the pigeon did not peck. These results suggest that: (1) automaintenance (unlike autoshaping) is not an effective procedure for reliably generating responding; (2) responding that does occur during the automaintenance procedure is reinforced by the response‐dependent offset of the k

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.21-117

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The autoshaping procedure confounds the effects of pairing a keylight and food with the effect of adventitious food reinforcement of responses that typically occur before the pecking response. In Experiment I, acquisition of the orientation to the key, the approach toward the key, and the peck at the key were systematically monitored. Orientations to the key and approaches toward the key frequently occurred in contiguity with food presentation before peck acquisition. In Experiment II, a negative contingency procedure was used to assess the sensitivity of the approach toward the key to its consequences. When the approach toward the key resulted in nonreinforcement, the probability of occurrence of that response decreased to zero despite repeated light‐food pairings. In Experiment III, peck probability was shown to be determined during the approach toward the key by the presence of stimuli that had previously been either paired or nonpaired with food. In Experiment IV, it was shown that the effects of the stimulus present during the approach toward the key were not due solely to the effects of pairing that stimulus with food. Autoshaped key pecking appears to be determined by the interacting effects of stimulus‐reinforcer and response‐reinforcer variables upon orientations to, approaches toward, and pecks at the lighte

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.21-125

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four groups of four pigeons each were studied on two different multiple schedules. The cues correlated with the schedule components were localized on the response key for two groups and were not localized for the others. Two groups worked on multiple schedules with variable interval 15‐sec in both components, and variable interval 15‐sec in one component and extinction in the other. The other two groups had identical procedures except that food was presented on a response‐independent variable‐time schedule. Variable‐interval birds with localized stimuli showed marked behavioral contrast; variable‐interval birds with non‐localized stimuli showed no behavioral contrast. Variable‐time birds with keylight stimuli acquired high rates of autopecking, which changed as treatment changed in a manner that paralleled rate changes, resulting in behavioral contrast for variable‐interval birds. Variable‐time birds with non‐localized stimuli key pecked only at a low rate. The findings indicate that behavioral contrast in pigeons may result from the autopecking that is obtained with stimulus‐conti

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.21-145

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four pigeons were initially trained under a multiple variable‐interval 1‐min variable‐interval 1‐min schedule of food reinforcement. For two of the pigeons, a signal was then presented whenever the reinforcer was available in one component; this resulted in positive contrast. For the other two pigeons, the reinforcer was presented independently of responding on a variable‐time schedule in one component; this resulted in negative induction. After 30 to 50 sessions, however, a similar degree of differential responding occurred under both multiple schedules,i.e., high rates in the variable‐interval component and low rates in the other component. Reinforcement frequency remained about the same in each of the schedule components. The stable performances then served as baselines for studying drug effects. In the high‐rate component of both multiple schedules, small doses ofd‐amphetamine increased responding, whereas larger doses decreased responding. In the low‐rate component of both multiple schedules, there was no rate‐increasing effect at any dose ofd‐amphetamine; such an effect was found, however, with phenobarbital at a dose that decreased responding in the high‐rate component. The drug effects thus depended on the interaction of pharmacologic variables (specific drug and dose) with behavioral variable

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.21-151

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The matching law implies that any form of behavior approaches an asymptotic frequency as its reinforcement approaches 100 per cent of the total reinforcement being obtained at a given time. This asymptote is formally independent of the kind or quantity of drive or reinforcement associated with the response in question or with any competing response.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.21-159

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An apparatus was designed to monitor handwriting behavior. Two subjects were studied under various schedules of monetary reinforcement for handwriting. The different schedules engendered and maintained distinctive response patterns but the rates of sustained responding did not vary across schedules. The development of fixed‐interval performance following continuous reinforcement resembled the same transition in lower animals. In one subject, availability of reading material interacted with the schedule to determine response pattern. It was suggested that handwriting may be a more appropriate response for the experimental analysis of human behavior than the more frequently used button‐pushing or lever‐pulling resp

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.21-165

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pairs of rats received grid shock in a conical enclosure. Each shock elicited the stereotyped fighting posture. An omnidirectional pole, which was always between the rats, was accidentally operated whenever the rats fought. The number of pole hits, and the number of observed fight bouts, increased with current intensity. The number of pole hits served as a reliable and objective measure of shock‐induced fighting in rat

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.21-177

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.21-181

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.21-183

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY