摘要:

Adults' self‐reports about their choices in a delayed matching‐to‐sample task were studied as a function of the number of elements (one, two, or three) in a compound sample stimulus. Signal‐detection analyses were used to examine control of self‐reports by the number of sample elements, by the speed and accuracy of choices reported about, and by several events contingent on self‐reports. On each matching‐to‐sample trial, a sample element appeared as one of two comparison stimuli. Choice of the matching element, if made within 500 ms of the onset of the comparison stimuli, produced points worth money or chances in a drawing for money, depending on the subject. After each choice, subjects pressed either a “yes” or “no” button to answer a computer‐generated query about whether the choice met the point contingency. The number of sample elements in the matching‐to‐sample task varied across trials, and events contingent on self‐reports varied across experimental conditions. In Experiment 1, the conditions were defined by different combinations of feedback messages and point consequences contingent on self‐reports, but self‐reports were systematically influenced only by the sample‐stimulus manipulation. Self‐report errors increased with the number of sample elements. False alarms (inaccurate reports of success) were far more common than misses (inaccurate reports of failure), and false alarms were especially likely after choices that were correct but too slow to meet the point contingency. Sensitivity (A′) of self‐reports decreased as the number of sample elements increased. In addition, self‐reports were more sensitive to choice accuracy than to choice speed. All subjects showed a pronounced bias (B'H) for reporting successful responses, although the bias was reduced as the number of sample elements increased and successful choices became less frequent. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the failure of point contingencies to influence self‐reports in the first experiment was not due to a general ineffectiveness of the point consequences. Rates of inaccurate self‐reports decreased when they resulted in point losse

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1993.59-193

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the present experiments, controlling relations in arbitrary matching‐to‐sample performance were tested in a 9‐year‐old female chimpanzee who showed statistically significant emergence of symmetry in previous two‐choice conditional discrimination experiments. In Experiment 1, a novel (undefined) sample stimulus was followed by a pair of trained (defined) and undefined comparison stimuli to assess the control by exclusion in arbitrary matching. The chimpanzee selected the undefined shape comparison, excluding the defined one, in color‐sample‐to‐shape‐comparison probe trials, although stimulus preferences were relatively stronger than control by exclusion in shape‐sample trials. An additional test for control by relations of the sample to the positive comparison (S+ control) showed that her behavior was also under the control of relations of the sample to the positive comparison. In Experiment 2, a defined sample was followed by a pair of negatively defined and undefined comparisons to test control by the relations of the sample to the negative comparison. (S‐ control). The subject selected undefined comparisons in both color‐shape and shape‐color test trials. These results clearly indicate that the conditional discrimination behavior of this “symmetry‐emergent” chimpanzee was under both S+ and S‐ control. Furthermore, her performance was also under control by exclusion in color‐shape arbitrary matching, unlike other chimpanzees who showed no evidence of symmetry but on

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1993.59-215

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three pigeons were exposed to 1‐hr and 4‐hr sessions during which they earned food under a fixed‐ratio 50 schedule of reinforcement while obtaining additional food according to either a variable‐interval or a variable‐time schedule. Postsession food was provided after the 1‐hr sessions. The frequency of the variable‐interval and variable‐time food presentations was varied under the two session durations. The various combinations of within‐session earned and unearned food, as well as the postsession food, defined conditions on the open‐to‐closed economy continuum. Key pecks tended to increase as the frequency of either variable‐interval or variable‐time food decreased. An economic‐continuum analysis based on an independence quotient as a measure of response‐reinforcer independence is present

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1993.59-231

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY