摘要:

Pigeons were required to complete three successive fixed‐interval components to obtain food. When the same exteroceptive stimulus was correlated with the three components, responding was positively accelerated between food deliveries. When different exteroceptive stimuli were correlated with each component in a fixed sequence, prolonged pauses developed in the first component; low response rates developed in the second component; and responding was positively accelerated in the second and third components. When different exteroceptive stimuli were correlated with each component in a variable sequence, responding was positively accelerated in each component. Because the response and reinforcement contingencies were the same in all three procedures, the differences in performances must be due to the changes in the sequence of stimul

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-167

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A pigeon's responses were reinforced on a variable‐interval schedule on one key; and, concurrently, either a multiple or a fixed‐interval schedule of reinforcement was in effect on a second key. These concurrent schedules, conc VI 3 (mult VI 3 EXT) or conc VI 3 FI 6, were programmed with or without a changeover delay (COD). Because the COD provided that responses on one key could not be followed by reinforced responses on the other key, responding on one key was not likely to accidentally come under the control of the reinforcement schedule on the other. When the COD was used, the performances on each key were comparable to the performances maintained when these interval schedules are programmed separately. The VI schedule maintained a relatively constant rate of responding, even though the rate of responding on the second key varied in a manner appropriate to the schedule on the second key. The mult VI 3 EXT schedule maintained two separate rates of responding: a relatively high rate during the VI 3 component, and almost no responding during the EXT component. The FI schedule maintained the gradually increasing rate of responding within each interval that is characteristic of the performance maintained by this schedule. The concurrent performances, however, did include certain interactions involving the local characteristics of responding and the over‐all rates of responding maintained by the various schedules. The relevance of the present findings to an inter‐response time analysis of VI responding, a chaining account of FI responding, and the concept of the reflex reserve was di

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-175

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Behavior in a novel situation, which basically represented an increase in complexity for some Ssand a decrease in complexity for others, was sampled by the use of an exhaustive list of response categories at 5‐sec intervals for 24 min. Wide behavioral differences are described. In addition, the feasibility of the time‐sampling technique for the study of animal behavior is further demonstrated, and its more general use is advoca

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-185

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The key pecking of two pigeons was reinforced on a variable‐interval schedule of reinforcement during the presentation of each of two stimuli. In various phases of the experiment, punishment followed every response emitted in the presence of one of the stimuli. In general, when the rate of punished responding changed during the presentation of one stimulus, the rate of unpunished responding during the other stimulus changed in the opposite direction. This sort of change in rate is an example of behavioral contrast. When punishment was introduced, the rate of punished responding decreased and the rate of unpunished responding increased as functions of shock intensity. When the rate of previously punished responding increased after the termination of the shock, the rate of the always unpunished responding decreased. When the procedure correlated with a red key was changed from variable‐interval reinforcement and punishment for each response to extinction and no punishment, the rate of reinforced responding during presentations of a green key decreased and then increased while the rate of the previously punished responding during red first increased and then decreased during extinct

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-191

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three experiments are reported which investigated the effects of cost (point loss per response) upon human‐observer responses maintained by VI and FI schedules of reinforcement (acquisition of pointsviacritical‐signal detections). (I) Cost attenuated VI response rates without substantially disturbing the constancy of responding, regardless of the presentation sequence of the no‐cost and cost conditions. (II) FI scalloping appeared only under cost conditions. Under no cost, a constant rate of responding (similar to VI performance) characterized inter‐reinforcement intervals. Exposure to cost did not prevent the recovery of previously established no‐cost baselines. (III) FI irregularities, analogous to those commonly observed under FI reinforcement schedules, may be produced by different temporal presentations of the no‐cost and cost conditions.The results of all three experiments emphasize the importance of cost as a factor in the maintenance of human behavior on schedules of positive re

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-201

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-209

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four male pigmented rats were exposed to a procedure designed to investigate the relation between several performance measures and a schedule continuum ranging from FR 36 to FI 2 through four intermediate interlocking schedules. On all schedules, each subject developed a stable performance that was generally break‐and‐run. Analysis of the cumulative records, post‐SRbreaks, and running rates showed a continuum of performance related to the schedule cont

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-213

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-224

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were studied in a delayed‐response task requiring alternation of key pecks on two response keys. Blackouts of from 1 to 10 sec intervened between successive choices on the two keys.The following results were obtained: (1) Birds performed at well above chance accuracy on all the delays tested. Accuracy was generally lowest at 1‐ and 10‐sec delays. (2) Overt postural orientations during the delay interval appeared to mediate accurate key‐pecking behavior. (3) The shape of the delayvs. accuracy function was discussed in terms of the possibly confounding influences of (a) stimulus “trace” variables, and (b) aversive effects of the time outs produced by incorrect

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-225

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Punishment acquires a discriminative property when it is selectively paired with either reinforcement or extinction. At the milder punishment intensities, the discriminative control exerted by punishment is similar to the discriminative control exerted by a response‐produced neutral (nonaversive) stimulus. However, the effect of the aversive property is apparent as the intensity of the punishment is increased. The aversive property of the punishment acts to enhance the discriminative control when the punishment is selectively applied during extinction periods, and to attenuate the discriminative control when the punishment is selectively applied during reinforcement periods. One major difference was found between the control exerted by the punishment and the response‐produced neutral simulus: Responding greatly increased after the SΔpunishment but not after the SΔneutral stimulus; this increase in responding was independent of the punishment intensities st

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-229

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY