摘要:

In these investigations, a “teaching machine” was used to train pre‐school and first‐grade children in a series of progressively difficult discrimination tasks, leading up to matching to sample. Such training was much more efficient than training in the final discrimination alone. The errors the subjects made were found to be a functon both of the differences between consecutive discriminations (the “size of the steps” in the program) and the length of training on each discrimination. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings ar

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-279

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

FourSs were trained to press and hold down a telegraph key in the presence of a light. Subsequent release of the key during a tone was followed by water reinforcement. The schedule of reinforcement for key release was varied, and its effects on the latency (RT) of key release to the tone were studied. Both median RT and variability of RT were found to be inversely related to frequency of reinforcement as determined by the schedule.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-299

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Food‐deprived rats were trained to press and hold down a telegraph key in the presence of a light. Subsequent release of the key during a tone was followed by 0.15 ml of a 20‐percent sucrose solution as reinforcement. TheSs were subsequently shifted to a 0‐percent and to a 5‐percent solution from the 20‐percent base line. The median RT and the variability of RT increased markedly as a result of the shift to the lower sucrose concentrations. For allSs, the change in median and variability was greater for the shift to the 0‐percent solution than for the shift to the 5‐percent solution. It is probable that median RT and variability of RT are inversely related to amount of

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-305

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Human conversation is a natural place to begin the study of social responses. In a conversation, a number of individuals use one another's responses as cues for their own behavior. So long as a conversation is being held, the speakers must talk in some order. Four experiments were conducted to test whether differentially reinforcing a group of speakers can bring the order of speakers under experimental control. The results are all consistent with the hypothesis. The paper also devises and evaluates different procedures for studying conversational sequences and examines associated statistical problems.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-309

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Each of nineSs was run for 11 daily sessions. Except for the first (operant level) and last two (extinction) sessions, 500‐ohm drops in skin resistance were followed by reinforcement (light). These reinforcement periods lasted 20 min and were preceded by 10‐min control periods during which no reinforcement was administered. Although the results showed no evidence for operant conditioning of the GSR, they did indicate that increased emission of GSR's occurred during the reinforcement period. This effect was shown to hold forSs with low operant levels of GSR's but not forSs with high operant lev

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-317

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-322

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A tracking procedure was used to investigate the time required to train cats to discriminate between a frequency‐modulated tone and a steady tone. The animal was reinforced with food on a VR schedule only when the steady tone was present and the animal pressed the correct bar (one of two). After reinforcement, the steady tone usually changed to a frequency‐modulated signal; by pressing the other bar, the tone could be changed to its steady state and the reinforcement then obtained as before. A major difficulty was the lack of control by the auditory stimulus on the cat's responses. This problem was solved by introducing interpress time outs which forced the animal to hesitate after every press. The use of light cues to signal the time outs and the correct bar to press accelerated the rate at which the training progressed.With cats, this conditioning procedure apparently requires a much longer training period before the actual threshold determinations than the more commonly used avoidance conditioning procedures. However, when animals are to be tested repeatedly over a period of several months or longer, the procedure may prove the more desirable one because it reduces experimental neuro

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-323

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-329

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a chained FI FR schedule, manipulating the length of the FI component produced changes confined almost entirely to the FI performance; increasing the interval length increased the total number of responses emitted per reinforcement. The configuration of the fixed‐interval scallop was clearly modified as the interval length was increased, with the larger intervals becoming flatter (i.e., a larger proportion of the total responses earlier in an interval). Measurement of the postreinforcement pause is suggested as a possible indicator of fixed‐interval scallop

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-331

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A technique is described in which rats are pretrained with reinforcement to bar press. Each bar press was associated with a tone. This tone was later paired with one of two aspects of an electric shock, either at the onset or at the end of the shock, in a situation in which the shock is inescapable. These animals were retested in the operant situation under conditions of extinction, but with tone present as a conditioned reinforcer. The finding was that animals for which the tone was associated with shock onset extinguished quickly, whereas animals for which the tone was paired with shock termination extinguished more slowly.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-335

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY