摘要:

Responses were maintained by a variable‐interval schedule of food reinforcement. At the same time, punishment was delivered following every nth response (fixed‐ratio punishment). The introduction of fixed‐ratio punishment produced an initial phase during which the emission of responses was positively accelerated between punishments. Eventually, the degree of positive acceleration was reduced and a uniform but reduced rate of responding emerged. Large changes in the over‐all level of responding were produced by the intensity of punishment, the value of the punishment ratio, and the level of food deprivation. The uniformity of response rate between punishments was invariant in spite of these changes in over‐all rate and contrary to some plausiblea prioritheoretical considerations. Fixed‐ratio punishment also produced phenomena previously observed under continuous punishment: warm‐up effect and a compensatory increase. This type of intermittent punishment produced less rapid and less complete suppression than did continuo

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-141

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three pigeons, previously trained to a high level of accuracy on matching‐to‐sample procedures, were exposed to various schedules of ratio reinforcement for correct matches. Overall accuracy was lower on fixed ratio than on regular reinforcement. There was a high incidence of errors immediately after reinforcement on fixed ratio schedules with accuracy increasing as the ratio progressed. This increase was found to be inversely correlated with the latency of the observing response to the sample. By contrast, accuracy was high throughout the ratio on a variable ratio sched

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-149

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four experiments are reported in which the amount of CRF training prior to extinction is examined as it effects transient changes in response frequency and duration immediately following extinction onset. The first two experiments, using albino rats as subjects and water reinforcement, revealed a reliable relationship between length of time on CRF and the tendency to increase response frequency, duration, and the variability of response frequency and duration. Two comparative experiments were conducted using 53‐to‐69‐month old children as subjects, and recorded music as reinforcement. The results of the first child study failed to conform with those obtained in the rat experiments. However, manipulation of the reinforcer in a subsequent study reproduced the rat extinction effect. Despite the differences in the rat and child experiments, the qualitative similarity of the results of the four studies suggests a basic underlying comparability of the relationship between the amount of training and transient changes in response freq

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-155

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-162

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In two experiments, each involving four rats, responses preceded by an inter‐response time between 8 and 10 sec in duration were intermittently reinforced. In Experiment I, final performance was compared under two hunger levels, while the frequency of reinforcement was held constant by a VI 5 schedule. In Experiment II, hunger was held constant and VI 5 was compared with VI 8. Both hunger and frequency of reinforcement increased the over‐all rate of response, but the exact effects of these operations on temporal discrimination were different for different rats. Usually, a peak “response probability” (IRTs/Op ratio) was obtained 8 to 10 sec after the preceding response, indicating adaptation to the reinforcement contingency, but in some cases this peak was about 2 sec earlier. One rat exhibited unusually pronounced bursting which seemed to alternate with adaptive temporally spaced responding. Prolonged pauses, observable in the cumulative records, particularly following reinforcement, were attributed to the fact that inter‐response times greater than 10 sec were not reinforced, so that as the interval of time since the preceding response became discriminably greater than 10 sec, the probability of a response bec

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-163

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-170

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A group of pigeons was trained in a Skinner box to peck for VI reinforcement when the key was illuminated by a monochromatic light of 540 or 580 mμ but were non‐reinforced for responding to 560 mμ. Two control groups, differing in amount of training, received only the two positive stimuli. At the completion of training allSs received generalization tests under extinction. Both control groups produced bi‐modal generalization gradients with the peaks of responding at the S+ values. The post‐discrimination gradient revealed peaks displaced from the S+ values in the direction away from the S—, low responding and increased steepness in the region of S— and a general elevation of t

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-171

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-177

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relations among acoustic parameters of a vocal operant were considered and some methods for their measurement are described. Four human subjects (Ss) and one chick were employed in an experiment on the relations among vocal rate, vocal topography, and schedules of reinforcement. The earlier finding that schedules of reinforcement control human and infra‐human vocal responding as they do other operants was replicated and extended to the case of variable‐interval reinforcement. An analysis of response amplitude, pitch, and duration showed that the mean and variance of these parameters typically increase from CRF to VI, from VI to EXT and, for a second group ofSs, from CRF to EXT. The topography of the chick's vocal response appears to stand in the same relation to reinforcement operations as does the human vocal respo

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-179

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Auditory frequency discrimination thresholds have been determined by a “tracking procedure” at five frequencies and two intensity levels for a group of four cats. Intra‐animal thresholds were found to be quite stable, and there was good inter‐animal agreement among three of the four cats. Although quite stable, the tracking thresholds were larger than those which had been obtained using an avoidance procedure. However, because of the several differences between the tracking procedure and avoidance conditioning procedure, no conclusions can be drawn concerning the efficacy of the different types of reinforcement in determining the ultimate limit of the animals' discrimination

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-189

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY