ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1976.26-317

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pairs of high‐school students matched‐to‐sample for money. On each trial, the first pair member to complete a fixed ratio of knob‐pulling responses could work the matching problem on that trial. Competition occurred when both pair members responded for the problem. Sharing occurred when only one pair member responded on each trial, and the subjects alternated trials. Hence, sharing requires less responding and still allows a moderate number of reinforcers for each subject. Recent research has shown that increasing the response requirement to the point that it may have aversive properties will produce a change from competition to sharing. A related variable is an adjusting schedule that adjusts the subjects' response requirements so that their abilities to take reinforcers are equal. In this way, subjects might learn that competition requires more responding but produces no more reinforcers. However, recent research also suggests that competition decreases over sessions without experimental manipulations. Because of this possibility of a time‐related variable, ratio size and an adjusting schedule were studied in a group design. Competition did decrease for all groups over sessions, but the large‐ratio groups switched from competition to sharing sooner than the low‐ratio groups. The adjusting schedule had a similar but s

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1976.26-321

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four slightly hungry pigeons chose between pairs of grains in a Findley concurrent choice procedure. For Condition I, choice involved hempversusbuckwheat; for Condition II, wheatversusbuckwheat; and for Condition III, hempversuswheat. In all conditions, frequency of reinforcement was arranged according to concurrent variable‐interval variable‐interval schedules. On the assumption that subjects matched their behavior and time distributions to those of reinforcervalue, the choice functions obtained in Conditions I and II were transformed to yield estimates of values of hemp and wheat relative to buckwheat. These, in turn, provided predictions about behavior and time allocation in Condition III. In general, the predicted outcomes were close to those actually obtained. The results evidence the effectiveness of matching‐based hedonic scales in the prediction of choice between qualitatively different reinfo

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1976.26-335

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

White King pigeons exposed to food schedules before introduction of a colored photograph of a pigeon showed sustained schedule‐induced attack on that image; additional birds given an early introduction to both the photograph and the schedule subsequently attacked the image at lower rates. Other pigeons attacked a second photograph of a pigeon regardless of whether it was introduced early or late. The late‐introduction procedure was also effective in establishing attack on a projected image of a conspecific. The combined results showed that 14 of 17 White King pigeons given a late introduction to a pictorial target exhibited sustained attack against it and that a pigeon's initial reaction to a photograph of a conspecific when introduced early was a good predictor of subsequent schedule‐induced attack

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1976.26-349

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of promazine on treadle pressing to postpone the presentation of electric shock were studied in three pigeons. The effects of chlorpromazine,d‐amphetamine, and pentobarbital were studied in two of these pigeons. Each treadle press postponed electric shock for 20 sec and presentation of a preshock stimulus for 14 sec. Selected doses of both promazine and chlorpromazine increased the rates of treadle pressing in all birds. The response‐rate increases produced by promazine and chlorpromazine were due to increased conditional probabilities of treadle pressing both before and during the preshock stimulus.d‐Amphetamine (1 and 3 mg/kg) slightly increased responding in one of the birds, but not to the extent that promazine or chlorpromazine did. In the other bird, the 10 mg/kg dose ofd‐amphetamine increased shock rate but did not change response rate. Some doses ofd‐amphetamine increased the conditional probabilities of responding both in the absence of the preshock signal and during the preshock signal in both birds. Pentobarbital only decreased response rates and increased sh

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1976.26-361

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The operant behavior of six rats was maintained by a random‐interval schedule of reinforcement. Three‐minute periods of noise were superimposed on this behavior, each period ending with the delivery of an unavoidable shock. Overall rates of responding were generally lower during the periods of noise than in its absence (conditioned suppression). These suppressed response rates also exhibited temporal patterning, with responding becoming less frequent as each noise period progressed. The effects ofd‐amphetamine on this behavioral baseline were then assessed. In four animals the relative response rates during the noise and in its absence suggested that the drug produced a dose‐related decrease in the amount of conditioned suppression. However, this effect was often due to a decrease in the rates of responding in the absence of the preshock stimulus, rather than to an increase in response rates during the stimulus. Temporal patterning in response rates during the preshock stimulus was abolished, an effect that was interpreted in terms of rate‐dependent effects ofd‐amphetamine. This study thus extends rate‐dependent analyses of the effects of amphetamines to the patterns of operant behavior that occur during a preshock stimulus, and which have been discussed in terms of the disrupting effects of anxiety on ope

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1976.26-369

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rats were shocked at the rate of two per minute until they pressed a lever. In Experiment I, shocks were delivered at variable‐time intervals averaging 30 sec; in Experiment II, shocks were delivered at fixed‐time intervals of 30 sec. A response produced an alternate condition for a fixed‐time period. The shock frequency following a response, calculated over the whole alternate condition, was two per minute. The pattern of shocks in the alternate condition was controlled so that the first shock occurred at the same time as it would have occurred had the response not been emitted; the remaining shocks were delayed until near the end of the alternate condition. Bar pressing was acquired in both experiments. This finding is not explained by two‐factor theories of avoidance and is inconsistent with the notion that overall shock‐frequency reduction is necessary for negative reinforcement. The data imply that responding is determined by the integrated delays to each shock following a responseversusthe integrated delays to shock in the absence of a

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1976.26-379

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four rats responded on one‐minute variable‐interval schedules with several variations in peak‐force of response required for food reinforcement. Measures of peak force and rate were taken for the responses, which were the downward exertions of force against a static force‐transducing operandum. The analysis distinguished responses, a generic class of measured behavior, from criterion responses, an operationally specified subclass required for reinforcement. Absolute rate of response showed no systematic change, but the rate of responses meeting a newly required criterion of peak‐force invariably increased through changes in the absolute rate of response, the relative‐frequency distributions of peak force, or some combination of both. The relative frequency of responses meeting an elevated force criterion during variable‐interval reinforcement exceeded that maintained with the same criterion with continuous reinforcement. The requirement of more effortful responding for reinforcement does not necessarily reduce response rate. Conformity of the behavior to the requirement for reinforcement is the s

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1976.26-387

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experiments examined pigeons' responses under multiple schedules of conditioned and unconditioned reinforcement. In one component, responses produced food according to a fixed‐interval schedule; in a second component, responses produced brief stimuli according to a fixed‐ratio schedule. When brief‐stimulus presentations were paired with food in the first component, rates in the second component were usually higher than 10 responses per minute. When pairing in the first component was eliminated, responding continued to be maintained in the second component. Elimination of food presentation from the first component substantially decreased responding in the second component, even though the brief stimulus had not been paired with food. Experiment II demonstrated that response rate was affected by the duration of both the second component and the brief stimulus. The results suggest that three conditions are important in maintaining responding with brief‐stimulus presentations: (1) pairing the brief stimulus, at least initially, with food, (2) maintaining unconditioned reinforcement in one component, and (3) employing optimal brief‐stimulus and component

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1976.26-395

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three pigeons were exposed to a second‐order schedule in which the behavior specified by a fixed‐interval component schedule was reinforced according to a ratio overall schedule. The completion of components not followed by food was signalled by a brief stimulus never paired with food. Food and the stimulus occurred in a random sequence or in fixed alternation, but the overall schedules (variable ratio 2 or fixed ratio 2) ensured that an equal number of food and brief‐stimulus presentations occurred in each session. The control exerted by the food and by the brief stimulus was measured by overall response rates, mean pauses, frequency distributions of pauses, and response patterning across components. In general, the stimulus controlled patterns of behavior more similar to those controlled by food when food and the stimulus occurred in a random sequence than when they occurred in fixed altern

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1976.26-405

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1976

数据来源: WILEY