摘要:

Staddon and Simmelhag's proposal that behavior is produced by “principles of behavioral variation” instead of contingencies of reinforcement was tested in two experiments. In the first experiment pigeons were exposed to either a fixed‐interval schedule of response‐contingent reinforcement, an autoshaping schedule of stimulus‐contingent reinforcement, or a fixed‐time schedule of noncontingent reinforcement. Pigeons exposed to contingent reinforcement came to peck more rapidly than those exposed to noncontingent reinforcement. Staddon and Simmelhag's “principles of behavioral variation” included the proposal that patterns (interim and terminal) were a function of momentary probability of reinforcement. In the second experiment pigeons were exposed to either a fixed‐time or a random‐time schedule of noncontingent reinforcement. Pecking showed a constant frequency of occurrence over postfood time on the random‐time schedule. Most behavior showed patterns on the fixed‐time schedule that differed in overall shape (i.e., interim versus terminal) from those shown on the random‐time schedule. It was concluded that both the momentary probability of reinforcement and postfood t

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1980.34-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The acquisition and maintenance of autoshaped key pecking in pigeons was studied as a function of intertrial interval. At each of six intervals, which ranged from 12 seconds to 384 seconds, four pigeons were physically restrained during training while four other pigeons were not restrained. Restrained subjects acquired key pecking faster and with less intragroup variability at each interval. The effects of restraint were specific to acquisition and were not evident in maintained responding after five postacquisition sessions.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1980.34-13

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The duration of the pigeon's key peck was differentially reinforced in either a trials or a free‐operant procedure. Mean emitted peck duration was a power function of the duration required for food delivery to occur. The exponents of the power function differed considerably from those observed in earlier research involving longer duration responses in pigeons and other species. The coefficients of variation also did not correspond with those of the earlier research on other responses, nor did consideration of the durations actually reinforced resolve the differences. Duration was neither a function of response rate nor of intermittency of reinforcement. Key‐peck duration was changed in an orderly way by differential reinforcement. However, it appeared to be more strongly determined by its duration in the absence of differential reinforcement than were longer duration respon

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1980.34-23

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Six pigeons were trained on a signal‐detection procedure. They were required to peck the left key when a 5‐second white light had been presented, and the right key when a 10‐second light had been presented. These two correct responses were followed by food reinforcement with a probability of .7. Errors, left responses after the 10‐second stimulus or right responses after the 5‐second stimulus, were initially followed by a 3‐second blackout of the chamber. In nine subsequent experimental conditions, errors were followed by food reinforcement with increasing probability while the probability of reinforcement for correct responses was kept constant. The percentage of correct responses decreased as error reinforcement probability increased. A matching model of detection performance, in which discrimination is a joint function of stimulus discriminability and stimulus‐reinforcement association, provided a convincing fit to the data and to two sets of published data. The model also fitted published data on multiple and multiple‐concurrent free‐operant performance. This description of detection performance in terms of matching offers both accurate prediction of complex behavior and measures of discriminability wit

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1980.34-35

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experiments sought to determine if pigeons could discriminate and remember recent sequences of stimuli and responses. A variant of Konorski's short‐term memory procedure involving successive presentation of sample and test stimuli was used. The samples were stimulus‐response pairs of the form, (S‐R)1‐(S‐R)2. Differential test responding disclosed memory of the two‐item samples, with birds showing earlier and greater control by the second item than the first (Experiment 1). When the retention interval separating the second item of the sample sequence from the test stimulus was lengthened from .5 to 2.0 or 4.0 sec, a systematic loss of stimulus control resulted; however, when varied over the same temporal range, the interval between the two items of the sample sequence had a much smaller effect, or none at all (Experiment 2). These results support an account of response‐sequence differentiation that stresses short‐term memory of organized be

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1980.34-49

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained to peck keys on fixed‐ratio and fixed‐interval schedules of food reinforcement. Both schedules produced a pattern of behavior characterized as pause and run, but the relation of pausing to time between reinforcers differed for the two schedules even when mean time between reinforcers was the same. Pausing in the fixed ratio occupied less of the time between reinforcers for shorter interreinforcer times. For two of three birds, the relation was reversed at longer interreinforcer times. As an interreinforcer time elapsed, there was an increasing tendency to return to responding for the fixed interval, but a roughly constant tendency to return to responding for the fixed‐ratio schedule. In Experiment 1 these observations were made for both single‐reinforcement schedules and multiple schedules of fixed‐ratio and fixed‐interval reinforcement. In Experiment 2 the observations were extended to a comparison of fixed‐ratio versus variable‐interval reinforcement schedules, where the distribution of interreinforcement times in the variable interval approximated that for

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1980.34-61

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a six‐key chamber variable‐interval initial links of concurrent‐chain schedules operated on two lower white keys. Terminal links operated on four upper keys; green keys were correlated with fixed‐interval reinforcement and red keys with extinction. Free‐choice terminal links arranged three green keys and one red key; forced‐choice terminal links arranged one green key and three red keys. Thus, terminal links were equivalent in number, variety, and information value (in bits) of the keylights. Preferences (relative initial‐link rates) were studied both with location of the odd key color varying over successive terminal links and with the odd color fixed at key locations that had controlled either relatively high or relatively low terminal‐link response rates. Free choice was consistently preferred to forced choice. Magnitude of preference did not vary systematically with terminal‐link response rate or stimulus control by green and red keys. The origins of free‐choice preference could be ontogenic or phylogenic: organisms may learn that momentarily preferred alternatives are more often available in free than in forced choice, and evolutionary contingencies may favor the survival of organisms that prefer fr

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1980.34-77

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons acquired a different four‐response chain each session by responding sequentially on three keys in the presence of four colors. The response chain was maintained by food presentation under a fixed‐ratio schedule. Whend‐amphetamine was administered alone, the overall response rate decreased and the percent errors increased with increasing doses. When a small dose of chlorpromazine, which was ineffective when given alone, was administered in combination withd‐amphetamine, the rate‐decreasing effect was antagonized. The antagonism was selective, however, in that the error‐increasing effect ofd‐amprotamine was augmented by chlorpromazine. The nature of the joint effect of the two drugs thus depended on the behavioral measure: rate

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1980.34-87

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although previous research showed that a visual counter increased the rate of responding on a large fixed‐ratio schedule, a theoretical analysis of the factors responsible for fixed‐ratio performance suggests that the primary control by number of responses since reinforcement is to weaken the performance. The present experiment employed a multiple schedule in which the same fixed‐ratio value alternated with and without an added counter. It tested the hypothesis that the differential reinforcement of high‐rate responding masked the attenuation of the fixed‐ratio performance from the unoptimal discriminative control produced by the fixed relation between number of responses and reinforcement. In the present experiment the postreinforcement pause was consistently longer in the components with the added counter, while running rates remained comparable between the components of the multiple schedule. Both components of the multiple schedule involved differential reinforcement of high‐rate responding while only the components with the added counter amplified the discriminative control by number of pecks since re

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1980.34-93

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were studied under a two‐key concurrent fixed‐ratio schedule of food presentation. During the first five sessions, the fixed‐ratio requirements were 30 responses on one key (major key) and 120 responses on the other key (minor key): responding occurred almost exclusively on the major key. When the fixed‐ratio requirements were then made equal at 30 responses on both keys, responding continued to predominate on the major key. The asymmetric distribution of responses persisted when the concurrent fixed‐ratio fixed‐ratio schedule was interrupted with periods during which the major key was associated with extinction while the other key remained associated with a fixed‐ratio schedule. Additionally, in some subjects the fixed‐ratio requirements were increased. These schedule modifications decreased the asymmetry in responding but did not eliminate it.d‐Amphetamine decreased rates on both keys and slightly increased the asymmetric distribution of responses, while pentobarbital reversed the distribution of responses by increasing low rates and decreasing high rates. The pigeons maintained their original asymmetric distribution of responses during the 1 1/2‐year‐long study, despite schedule alterations and

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1980.34-107

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY