摘要:

Thirteen pigeons were exposed to a variety of second‐order schedules in which responding under a component schedule was reinforced according to a schedule of reinforcement. Under different conditions, completion of each component resulted in either (1) the brief presentation of a stimulus also present during reinforcement (pairing operation), (2) the brief presentation of a stimulus not present during reinforcement (nonpairing operation), or (3) no brief stimulus presentation (tandem). Brief‐stimulus presentations engendered a pattern of responding within components similar to that engendered by food. Patterning was observed when fixed‐interval and fixed‐ratio components were maintained under fixed‐ and variable‐ratio and fixed‐ and variable‐interval schedules. There were no apparent differences in performance under pairing and nonpairing conditions in any study. The properties of the stimuli presented in brief‐stimulus operations produced different effects on response patterning. In one study, similar effects on performance were found whether brief‐stimulus presentations were response‐produced or delivered independently of responding. Response patterning did not occur when the component schedule under which a nonpaired stimulus was produced occurred independently of the food schedule. The results suggest a reevaluation of the role of conditioned reinforcement in second‐order schedule performance. The similarity of behavior under pairing and nonpairing operations is consistent with two hypotheses: (1) the major effect is due to the discriminative properties of the brief stimulus; (2) the scheduling operation under which the paired or nonpaired stimulus is presented can estab

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1971.16-289

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Eight groups of pigeons were trained to discriminate between two stimulus displays that could be differentiated only by a single distinctive feature on one of the displays. For half of the pigeons, responses to displays containing the distinctive feature were reinforced (feature‐positive), and for the remaining pigeons responses to displays without the distinctive feature were reinforced (feature‐negative). The pigeons were further grouped so that half were presented displays in which the distinctive feature was in close proximity to other features (compact displays) and half were presented displays in which the features were not close together (distributed displays). Pigeons in the feature‐positive groups localized responses on the distinctive feature of the displays and seldom responded to displays without the distinctive feature. Pigeons in the distributed feature‐negative groups localized responses on features common to the two displays and did not learn the discrimination. Compacting the displays facilitated discrimination performance for the subjects in the feature‐negative condition. Tests carried out in extinction indicated that responding in the compact feature‐negative group was largely controlled by pattern rather than by the individual elements on

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1971.16-315

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons learned a free operant, go/no‐go discrimination between stimuli produced by rapid alternation of different features on the response key. The 0° –B compound consisted of a vertical black line on a white background (the 0° feature) alternated with a blank white field (the B feature), with successive 0.75‐sec featureonperiods separated by 0.20‐sec dark periods. Pecks at the alternating 0° and B features were recorded separately. When pecks at the 0°–B compound were reinforced and pecks at the B—B stimulus (repeated brief presentations of the B feature) were extinguished, the birds pecked more at the 0° feature than at the B feature in the 0°–B compound; subsequently, decremental line‐tilt generalization gradients were obtained. When pecks at B—B were reinforced and pecks at 0°–B were extinguished, the rate of pecking at the 0° feature decreased to a low level much more rapidly than did the rate of pecking at the B feature in the 0°–B compound; incremental line‐tilt gradients were obtained. Following training with pecks at 0°–B reinforced and pecks at 0°–0° extinguished, incremental line‐tilt gradients were obtained, whereas the gradients were decremental following training wi

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1971.16-327

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rats' responding was maintained by fixed‐interval schedules of reinforcement in the presence of a tone or two separate lights. The lights were either of low, moderate, or high intensity. Compounds of these single discriminative stimuli each maintained a greater frequency of response than did the single stimuli, and the compound composed of stimuli from different sensory modalities (light + tone) maintained a greater level of responding than did the compound composed of stimuli from the same sensory modality (light + light). Combining lights of different intensity had no differential effect on responding. However, in the second experiment, a compound composed of a light and a tone, each of greater intensity than the light and tone of another compound, initially maintained a higher frequency of response, demonstrating intensity effects during stimulus compounding when the increase in intensity occurs through the component stimuli. This intensity effect, however, was only transitor

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1971.16-337

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons, previously trained to peck a key (using food as the reinforcer), were permitted unlimited access to food and, concurrently, key pecking was allowed to go unreinforced until all pecking ceased. A tone ending with electrical shock was then repeatedly presented in an effort to establish the tone as a potentially suppressing stimulus. When key pecking was later reestablished, tone presentation (without shock) sharply reduced the rate of pecks. At selected points throughout the experiment, special observation procedures supplemented the recordings of key pecks and provided detailed fine‐grain protocols of the birds' overt movements during the periods before, during, and after tone presentations. Results indicated that neither punishment of key pecks nor punishment of other overt movements was a necessary precursor to the conditioned suppression observed in the final stage. As such, the findings support interpretations of conditioned suppression that characterize the phenomenon as reflecting a conditioned emotional reaction that either directly or indirectly inhibits overt activit

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1971.16-343

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Shock‐induced biting and threat by the male painted turtle (Chrysemys picta marginata) were studied in three experiments. When restrained facing each other, the turtles threatened and bit other turtles in response to electric shock. Shock alone caused turtles to threaten an unshocked turtle; the movements of a shocked turtle were sufficient to cause an unshocked but restrained turtle to threaten. When the turtles were free to move, they avoided an encounter when shocked, even reversing a strong position preference in order to do s

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1971.16-349

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A nonsense word was paired with reinforcement to determine if pairing affected emission of a response that produced the word in the signalled absence of reinforcement. Children were trained on a multiple schedule that consisted of a reinforcement component, conditioned reinforcement component, and control component, each set of contingencies being signalled by a different colored light. In the primary reinforcement component, lever presses produced reinforcers which, in some phases, were paired with a word. In the other two components, lever presses were not reinforced and a button was made accessible. Button presses in the conditioned reinforcement component produced the word to be (or being) paired,e.g., “yafeh”, while button presses in the control component produced another word,e.g., “grunch”. Button pressing increased when one of the words was being paired and decreased when pairing was discontinued, but directly related rate changes occurred also in the control component. The order of components was shown to be a contributing v

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1971.16-355

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pairs of subjects could either cooperate or respond on a lower paying individual task. Whenever both subjects chose to cooperate, either subject could make a response that took $1.00 of the other's earnings. In Exp. I, a stimulus signalled when a “take” response had been made. Either subject could avoid the loss by switching to the individual task within 5 sec after the stimulus appeared. Rates of cooperation were high when losses could be avoided but decreased again when the avoidance condition was removed. In Exp. II, a response prevented “takes” from occurring for a specified time interval after the response. This procedure also maintained cooperation. When each avoidance response subtracted from earnings, both avoidance responding and cooperation were eli

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1971.16-367

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three pigeons were studied under two‐key concurrent variable‐interval schedules with food as the reinforcer on one key and ectostriatal brain stimulation as the reinforcer on the other. Brain‐stimulation parameters were kept constant while the rate of food reinforcement availability was varied. The results showed that qualitatively different reinforcers could be handled in the same theoretical framework that applies when choice is between different rates, immediacies, and amounts of a single reinf

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1971.16-375

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1971.16-381

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY