ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.38-115

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In Experiment 1, six naive pigeons were trained on a foraging schedule characterized by different states beginning with a search state in which completion of a fixed‐interval on a white key led to a choice state. In the choice state the subject could, by appropriate responding on a fixed ratio of three, either accept or reject the schedule of reinforcement that was offered (either a variable‐interval five‐second or a variable‐interval 20‐second). If the subject accepted the schedule, it entered a “handling state” in which the appropriate variable‐interval schedule was presented. Completion of the variable‐interval schedule produced food. The independent variable was the fixed‐interval value in the search state, and the dependent variable was the rate of acceptance of the long variable‐interval in the choice state. Experiment 2 was identical except that the search state required completion of a variable‐interval, instead of a fixed‐interval, schedule. The rate of acceptance of the long variable‐interval schedule in both experiments was a direct function of the length of the search state, in accordance with both optimality theory and the

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.38-117

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four birds key pecked on concurrent variable‐interval one‐minute variable‐interval four‐minute schedules with a two‐second changeover delay. Response rates to the variable‐interval one‐minute key were then reduced by signaling its reinforcer availability and later by providing its reinforcers independently of responding. Each manipulation increased response rates to the variable‐interval four‐minute key even though relative reinforcement rates were unchanged. In a final phase, eliminating the variable‐interval one‐minute key and its schedule produced the highest rates of all to the variable‐interval four‐minute key. These results show that both reinforcement and response rates to one schedule influence response rates to another schedule. These results join those of Guilkey, Shull,&Brownstein (1975) in failing to replicate Catania (1963). Moreover, they violate the predictions of the equation for simple action (de Villiers&Herrnstein, 1976). In terms of a median‐rate measure (reciprocal of the median interresponse time), rates to the variable‐interval four‐minute key were high when responding was not reduced to the variable‐interval one‐minute key and were low when it was reduced. This rate difference suggests a process difference between concurrent‐schedule procedures that maintain high concurrent response rates versus those that do not. This process difference jeopardizes attempts to integrate single‐ and concurrent‐operant

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.38-125

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained on a two‐key concurrent schedule, where food reinforcers on one key were arranged by a simple variable‐interval schedule and on the other key by a chain variable‐interval variable‐interval schedule. When the initial link of the chain was in effect, the pigeons tended to respond more on the simple variable‐interval schedule, and hence less on the chain, than would be expected from a comparison of both the local and overall rates of reinforcement of the two schedules. When the terminal link of the chain was in effect, the pigeons responded more on the chain than would be expected from a comparison of the rates of reinforcement of the schedules then in effect. Overall responding on the chain was not proportional to overall reinforcement on the chain but rather was a by‐product of responding during initial‐ and termina

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.38-133

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons pecked a key, producing food reinforcement on fixed‐ratio (FR) schedules requiring 50, 100, or 150 responses. In each session, 30‐second timeouts were inserted before a random half of the FR trials, whereas the other trials began immediately after reinforcement. In general, preratio pauses were shorter on trials preceded by timeouts. On these trials, the probability of a first response tended to be highest in the first 20 seconds of the trials, suggesting that the shorter pauses were the result of transient behavioral contrast. Direct observations and analyses of interresponse times (IRTs) after the preratio pause indicated that IRTs could be grouped into three categories: (1) IRTs of about .1 second, which were produced by small head movements in the vicinity of the key; (2) IRTs of about .3 second, which were produced by distinct pecking motions; and (3) IRTs greater than .5 second, which were accompanied by pausing or movements away from the key. At all ratio sizes, as a subject progressed through a trial, the probability of a long IRT decreased, whereas the probability of an intermediate IRT usually increased at first and then decreased. The probability of a short IRT increased monotonically across a trial. The results show that responding changes systematically as a subject progresses through a ratio on an FR schedule. Some characteristics of performance varied as functions of the absolute size of the response requirement, whereas others appeared to depend on the relative location within a ratio (i.e., the proportion of the ratio completed at a given mome

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.38-143

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.38-156

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rats responding under a differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate schedule increased their rates of lever pressing during a 20‐second click/flash stimulus that preceded the delivery of a response‐independent food pellet. The increase could not be attributed to suppression of collateral behavior that has been said to mediate temporally‐spaced responding. We propose that the prereward stimulus functioned as an external disinhibitor of lever pressing that had been inhibited by the constraints of the operant schedule. Support is derived from the observed disinhibitory effects of a 10‐second unpaired click/flash stimulus and of unsignaled, response‐independent pellets that were presented while the animals were responding under

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.38-157

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained on simultaneous red‐green discrimination procedures with delayed reward and sequences of stimuli during the delay. In Experiment 1, three stimuli appeared during the 60‐second intervals between the correct responses and reward, and the incorrect responses and nonreward. The stimulus that immediately followed a correct response also preceded nonreward, and the stimulus that followed an incorrect response preceded reward. These stimuli were 10 or .33 second in duration for different groups. Stimuli during the remainder of the delay interval differed following correct and incorrect responses. Group 10 initially persisted in the nonrewarded choice, but shifted to a preponderance of rewarded responses after further training. Group .33 rapidly acquired the correct response. Similar results were obtained in Experiment 2 where delay intervals consisted of opposite sequences of two stimuli of equal duration and total delays were 6, 20, or 60 seconds. Early in training, generalization of differential conditioned‐reinforcing properties from the conditions preceding reward and nonreward to postchoice conditions had a greater effect relative to backchaining than it did later. It was concluded that delayed‐reward learning is best analyzed in terms of the conditioned‐reinforcing value of the patterns of cues that follow immediately after rewarded and nonrewarded

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.38-169

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

When four experimentally naive pigeons were exposed to occasional forward pairings of a keylight followed by a doorlight (that signaled access to a large social space), all subjects began to peck the lit key. In a second experiment, where the keylight either preceded the presentation of the doorlight or was presented independently of it, key pecking was maintained only in the former circumstance. The unconditioned stimulus in these experiments—arrival in the social space—did not elicit pecking. Hence, the conditioned response of key pecking and the unconditioned response of entering the social space differed. This demonstration of autoshaping with a social‐space unconditioned stimulus argues against a stimulus‐substitution account of the f

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.38-181

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three pigeons were trained to peck two to five illuminated response keys. A peck to any of the keys changed the stimulus on the key. When all keys showed the same stimulus (i.e., a stimulus match), an additional key was illuminated with white light. A peck on this key produced three‐second access to grain, a three‐second intertrial interval, and the next trial. For most sessions, no particular stimulus match was required. Although there were often several stimuli available, each bird preferred a particular stimulus match. With up to 12 stimuli available, birds matched a particular stimulus 60% to 100% of the t

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1982.38-191

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY