摘要:

Three pigeons learned to peck four colors in a particular sequence, regardless of how these colors were positioned on four response keys and without feedback following each response. This demonstrates that serial learning is possible in subprimate animals.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1979.32-137

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons' responses were maintained under multiple schedules to study properties of briefly presented stimuli. Responses in one component produced food according to a second‐order schedule with fixed‐interval components in which food or a brief stimulus occurred with equal probability. In the second component responses produced only the brief stimulus under a fixed‐ratio schedule. Under various conditions the brief stimulus in the first component was (a) paired with food, (b) not paired with food, (c) partially omitted, or (d) scheduled simultaneously with the second‐order schedule under an independent variable‐interval schedule. Paired and nonpaired brief stimuli maintained similar response patterning in the second‐order schedule. However, only paired stimuli maintained responses in the second component. The data suggest that nonpaired brief stimuli engender response patterning in second‐order schedules as a result of their discriminative properties. When the stimulus is paired with food, these discriminative properties sometime mask a reinforcement effect, and no change in response patterning is observed. When the discriminative properties of the brief stimulus are absent, the reinforcing effects of pairing the brief stimulus with food ma

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1979.32-149

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rats were trained to respond on a lever adjacent to a sounding speaker (the sound source) when a single click was emitted. A second click (the artificial echo) was presented through a second speaker on the opposite side. In Condition I, the echo (equal in intensity to the source) was delayed from .015 to 32 milliseconds; greater than 75% correct responses were given for delay times between about .040 milliseconds (lower threshold) and 8 milliseconds (upper threshold). In Condition II, the echo (simultaneous with the source) was reduced in intensity relative to the source over a range from 2.5 decibels to 40 decibels; greater than 75% correct responses occurred for intensity reductions greater than 5 decibels. In Condition III, both the intensity and the delay time of the echo were manipulated in a manner analogous to that which would occur under natural conditions; greater than 95% correct responses were given for delay times from 1 to 32 milliseconds. These data indicate that both time and intensity differences are necessary for localization of primary sources, with delay time contributing more at short echo path distances, and intensity differences at long distances.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1979.32-157

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Naive rats were trained to respond on one lever in the presence of noise bursts from one speaker and on a second lever in the presence of noise bursts from a second speaker. The speakers were mounted behind the levers. When responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker was reinforced, control developed within fewer than five trials. When responding on the nonadjacent lever was selectively reinforced, responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker increased in probability for several sessions. Naive rats were trained to respond on the nonadjacent lever following preexposure to the sound. Responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker increased in probability, showing that novelty was not responsible for the effect. Naive rats were run on automaintenance procedures in which there was no explicit pairing of sound and magazine operation, 100% pairing of sound and magazine operation, or magazine operation following 40% of sound presentations. None of the rats acquired the response of approaching and sniffing the sounding speaker, indicating that sound‐magazine pairing was not responsible for the effec

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1979.32-167

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons performing on a matching‐to‐sample procedure were exposed to six fixed‐ratio (FR) schedules (FR 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60) of food reinforcement for correct matching responses. During both a correction and a noncorrection procedure without an intertrial interval (ITI), matching accuracy was lower on FR 1 and FR 60 than at intermediate ratios. With the FR 1 schedule, both a 5‐sec and a 25‐sec ITI resulted in higher matching accuracy than without an ITI; accuracy, with an ITI, was fairly constant for ratios of 1 to 20 but declined at higher ratios. The results suggest that the presence or absence of an ITI in matching to sample may account for inconsistencies obtained in earlier studies of the relationship of matching accuracy to r

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1979.32-183

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In one stimulus condition, reinforcement depended on rats holding a lever for a duration having both minimum and maximum boundaries. During a second light intensity, reinforcement was not available for some rats; for others, reinforcement depended on a second response duration requirement. Generalization test stimuli controlled the same response durations found during training, and the amount of time allocated to a given response duration depended on the proximity of the test stimulus to the training stimulus which controlled that particular duration. The results indicated that a gradient of stimulus control does not reflect an underlying continuous change in responding, but is a result of the mixing of responses previously controlled by stimuli present during conditioning.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1979.32-191

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study examined generalization along a dimension based on a verbal concept of occupational status. The status dimension was scaled by students who placed occupation names into five status categories, Category 1 representing highest status and Category 5 the lowest status. In two experiments, key presses by students were occasionally reinforced when a slide showing an occupation name from Status Category 3 was present. For half the subjects, key presses were not reinforced during a name from Category 1; for the other half, presses were not reinforced during a name from Category 5. Occupation names from all status categories were later singly presented. In this generalization test, subjects typically divided the dimension into two parts, responding alike to all names within each part. The results suggest that generalization along a dimension in humans is mediated by a subject's verbal classifications of stimuli.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1979.32-199

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons' pecks to two concurrent initial‐link stimuli occasionally produced one of two mutually exclusive terminal links. Further responding to the terminal‐link stimulus produced food under fixed‐interval or fixed‐ratio schedules. In such concurrent chained schedules, investigators rarely use a changeover delay to control superstitious switching, although it is customary to use a changeover delay in simple concurrent schedules in which choice responses produce food directly. When terminal‐link fixed‐interval schedules were equal or similar in duration and no changeover delay was employed, conditional probabilities of choice for a schedule were found to be lower if the last choice was for that schedule than if the last choice was for the other schedule (“switching dependency”). Imposition of a changeover delay with equal or unequal terminal links produced the opposite pattern: conditional probabilities of choice for a schedule were higher if the last choice was for that schedule than if the last choice was for the other schedule. Turning off all chamber lights during the changeover delay interval attenuated these “repetition dependencies.” The results indicate that excessive switching can complicate the interpretation of data from concurrent chains much as from simple concurrent schedules, and that using blackouts to control switching may be preferable to using

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1979.32-213

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Five pigeons were trained on concurrent variable‐interval schedules. A series of conditions in which the ratio of reinforcement rates on two keys was progressively increased and then decreased was arranged twice. The birds were then exposed to an irregular sequence of conditions. Each condition in which reinforcement was available on both keys lasted six sessions. Performance in the first, third, and sixth sessions after a condition change was analyzed. Following a condition change, preference was biased toward the preference in the last condition, but this effect largely disappeared before the sixth session of training. The birds' preferences also appeared less sensitive to reinforcement rates in early sessions after a transition. Preference in a session was a function of both the reinforcements in that session and the reinforcements obtained in as many as four or five previous sessions. The effects of reinforcements in previous sessions could be summarized by the performance in the immediately preceding session, giving a relatively simple relation between present performance and a combination of present reinforcement and prior session performance. While such hysteresis could cause undermatching when only a small number of sessions are arranged in a condition, undermatching in a stable‐state performance probably arises elsewh

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1979.32-233

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Six dairy cows(Bos taurus)were trained on several pairs of concurrent variable‐interval schedules with different types of food available on each alternative. The required response was a plate press made by the animal's muzzle. Performance generally replicated that found with other species. The generalized matching law accounted for the preference data, showing that food preference could be quantitatively analyzed as a special case of response bias. The preference functions showed that the response‐ and time‐allocation ratios were not as extreme as obtained reinforcement rate ratios (undermatc

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1979.32-245

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY