摘要:

Both high and relatively constant rates of responding without post‐reinforcement pauses and lower rates with pauses after reinforcement are produced by human subjects under fixed‐interval (FI) schedules. Such FI rates and patterns may be controlled when subjects are provided with different histories of conditioning and different conditions of response cost (reinforcement penalties per response). Subjects with a conditioning history under ratio schedules typically produce high and relatively constant rates of responding under FI schedules; this responding does not change systematically with changes in FI value. In contrast, subjects with a history under schedules which produce little or no responding between reforcements [such as differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate (DRL) schedules] tend to pause after reinforcement and respond at low rates under FI schedules, whether or not they also have ratio conditioning histories; cost increases the likelihood of this type of performance. For DRL‐history subjects, post‐reinforcement pauses increase and response rates decrease as FI

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-349

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-374

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

When interreinforcement intervals were equated, pigeons demonstrated little or no preference between reinforcement after a delay interval and reinforcement presented on a fixed‐interval schedule. The small preferences sometimes found for the fixed interval (a) were considerably smaller than when the delay and fixed intervals differed in duration, and (b) were caused by the absence of light during the delay. These results suggest that the effects of delayed reinforcement on prior responding can be reproduced by imposing a temporally equal fixed‐interval schedule in place of the delay; and, therefore, that the time between a response and reinforcement controls the probability of that response, whether other responses intervene or

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-375

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three rats were trained on a schedule in which every sixth response produced a timeout of 5 sec minimum duration, and food was delivered at the onset of timeout. Successive interresponse times were measured under these conditions, and also when behavior was maintained by second‐order fixed‐ratio and fixed‐interval schedules. Under the second‐order schedules, each six‐response fixed‐ratio component was followed by a timeout, and occasionally food was delivered at the onset of a timeout. In the fixed‐ratio schedule, the successive interresponse times showed a decrease followed by an increase before food delivery, but this systematic variation in interresponse times was not found when the performance was under second‐order reinforcement. Under both second‐order schedules the latencies of successive components, and the successive interresponse times within each component, showed a decrease as food delive

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-385

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two variables often confounded in fixed‐ratio schedules are reinforcement frequency and response requirement. These variables were isolated by a technique that yoked the distributions of reinforcements in time for one group of pigeons to those of pigeons responding on various fixed‐ratio schedules. The contingencies for the yoked birds were then manipulated by adding various tandem fixed‐ratio requirements to their schedules. Post‐reinforcement pause was approximately equal for the yoked and ratio pigeons, and was relatively insensitive to changes in the tandem requirement. Terminal response rate increased with increases in the tandem requirement, even though reinforcement rate was invariant. This increase was attributed to the progressive interference of the tandem requirement with the differential reinforcement of long interrespons

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-391

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

After learning to peck a key when each peck removed a slowly increasing series of electric shocks, pigeons were placed on fixed‐ratio and fixed‐interval escape schedules. The resulting behavior was comparable to that of other species on ratio and interval escape schedules. Thus, while the pigeon apparently requires special techniques for the initial shaping of a key‐peck response with negative reinforcement, this response, once obtained, can be subjected to intermittent schedules of negative reinforcement with no great diffi

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-397

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relative lengths of two concurrently reinforced interresponse times were varied in an experiment in which three pigeons obtained food by pecking on a single key. Visual discriminative stimuli accompanied the two time intervals in which reinforcements were scheduled according to a one‐minute variable‐interval. The steady‐state relative frequency of an interresponse time approximately equalled the complement of its relative length, that is, its relative harmonic length. Thus, lengths of interresponse times and delays of reinforcement have the same effect on the relative frequencies of interresponse times and choices in one‐key and two‐key concurrent variable‐interval schedules, respectively. A second experiment generalized further the functional equivalence between the effects of these one‐key and two‐key concurrent schedules by revealing that the usual matching‐to‐relative‐immediacy in two‐key concurrent schedules is undisturbed if reinforcement depends upon the occurrence of a response at the end of the delay interval, as it does in the one‐key schedules. The results of both experiments are consistent with a quantitative theory of co

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-403

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two‐key conjunctive schedules were studied with one key (food key) under a differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate 20‐sec schedule, while the consequences of responding on another key (collateral key) were varied. When food depended not only upon a food‐key interresponse time in excess of 20 sec, but also upon the occurrence of one or more collateral‐key responses during the food‐key interresponse time, the rate of collateral‐key responding was low and food‐key interresponse times rarely exceeded 20 sec. When collateral‐key responses could produce a discriminative stimulus correlated with the availability of food under the DRL schedule, the discriminative stimulus functioned as a conditioned reinforcer to maintain higher rates of collateral‐key responding, and the spacing of food‐key responses increased. If the occurrence of the discriminative stimulus was independent of collateral‐key responses, the rate of collateral‐key responding was again low, but the spacing of food‐key responses was still controlled by the discriminative stimulus. Both the conditioned reinforcer and the explicit reinforcement contingency could maintain collateral‐key responding, but the adventitious correlation between collateral‐key responses and the delivery of food could not maintain very much collateral‐key responding. The pattern of responding on the food‐key was determined to a much greater extent by the correlation between the discriminative stimulus and the delivery of food than by the pa

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-413

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The responding of rats was reinforced on one key after a 1‐sec auditory stimulus and on a second key after a 5‐sec stimulus. With errors punished by a short timeout, all subjects achieved a high level of accuracy. A chain of responses during the stimuli mediated the performance so that when the auditory signals were omitted accuracy decreased only slightly. Response‐independent aversive stimulation superimposed upon this procedure both suppressed the total amount of behavior and reduced the accuracy of the discriminative performance, the intensity of the stimulus determining the error rate. The increase in errors under these conditions may have depended in part upon differential suppression of members of the response chain, but such suppression was not necessary, since error rate increased even in its absence. Furthermore, the locus of response disruption within the chain was not consistent from day to day either for any individual animal or across an

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-423

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the first of two studies, the responding of four albino rats was differentially reinforced in the presence of noise and light together and then tested in the presence of the noise and the light separately during extinction. The light exercised substantially more control of responding than did the noise. In the second study the responding of a similar group of four rats was differentially reinforced in the presence of the noise and the light separately. Control of responding by the light developed more rapidly than control by the noise. Results suggest that levels of control by stimuli after differential reinforcement with respect to the stimuli together can be predicted by the rates of development of control during differential reinforcement with respect to the stimuli separately.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-431

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY