摘要:

In pigeons responding under a 180‐sec fixed‐interval schedule of reinforcement, the frequency distribution of the duration of the final interresponse time before the reinforcer was compared with the distribution of the preceding two interresponse times. The results confirmed qualitatively and quantitatively the expected preferential reinforcement of longer interreinforcement times under fixed‐interval reinforcement. Requirements at reinforcement were then changed to eliminate the preferential reinforcement of longer interresponse times. Local patterns and mean rate of responding could change, without the characteristic fixed‐interval pattern of increasing responding through the interval (scalloping) being much affected. It is concluded that this characteristic pattern of fixed‐interval responding does not depend crucially on effects of the reinforcer at the moment of reinforcement, but rather to effects extending over much longer periods of time than just the last interresp

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-191

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained on a discrete trials, successive discrimination procedure, in which the stimuli were two luminance values on the center key. Behavior was maintained by 25% reinforcement of correct responses on two side‐keys. During occasional test trials the luminance of the center key was maintained at one of a number of values, intermediate to those of the two training stimuli, and a function relating the relative frequency of responses on the two side keys to stimulus intensity was obtained. The intersection of this function with the 50% line provided an estimate of the bisection point. Since no bisection point occurred below the geometric mean of the interval, the results were not consistent with a logarithmic scale of brightness but fitted the general mean theorem with an exponent of 0.24. With continued testing, the performance of individual subjects oscillated in an irregular manner about the mean bisection point. The relative stability of the test behavior and the absence of context effects indicated that the method was suitable as a general procedure for measuring stimulus distance

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-201

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Severely retarded boys were taught to respond differentially to lines tilted at 45° and 135°. While all subjects could perform the discrimination, the aspect of the stimulus that controlled responding was shown to differ among subject

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-211

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-215

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The control of responding by the location of tone bursts of 0.2‐ or 50‐msec rise time was investigated in three albino rats. The apparatus consisted of an enclosure with two levers, two loudspeakers (in different locations), and a dipper feeder. The animal was exposed to tone bursts from either one or the other of the two speakers, and the speaker through which the tone bursts were delivered on any particular trial alternated in an irregular manner. Responses on one lever were reinforced with food in the presence of tone bursts from one speaker; responses on the second lever were reinforced with food in the presence of tone bursts from the second speaker. Responding came under the control of the location of 4‐kHz tone bursts of 0.2‐msec rise time within the first session. At this rise time, animals maintained a stable level of correct responding of greater than 95%. When the rise time was increased to 50 msec the percentage of correct responding fell to an average of 80 to 85%. It was concluded that location of an auditory stimulus is a powerful controller of responding in rats and that the degree of control is dependent upon ri

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-217

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In Exp. I, shallow U‐shaped gradients of inhibition in the line‐orientation dimension were obtained from birds that had a vertical (0°) line on a green surround correlated with extinction and a blank green surround correlated with reinforcement. Birds that had massed extinction in the presence of the 0° line showed flat gradients. Thus, discrimination training, but not massed extinction, appears to generate inhibitory control. In Exp. II, as in studies of control by a stimulus correlated with punishment, non‐differential training across the line‐orientation dimension preceded further sessions. Steep inverted gradients about the 0° line were obtained after discrimination training with the 0° line correlated with extinction. Gradients obtained after massed extinction tended to be flat. Again, discrimination training was critical in obtaining negative gradients of stimu

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-229

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The key pecks of four pigeons were reinforced on a variable‐interval 5‐min schedule which operated in each of the four components of a multiple schedule, indicated by red, green, yellow, and blue stimuli and presented in such an order that the red stimulus always preceded the yellow and the green stimulus always preceded the blue. After establishing baseline rates, the reinforcement schedule associated with the blue and yellow components was altered so that one was now an extinction schedule and the other was a variable‐interval 1‐min schedule. In a second experimental stage, the blue stimulus was interchanged with the yellow so that the red stimulus preceded the blue and the green stimulus preceded the yellow. In both experimental stages the response rate in the variable‐interval 5‐min component that preceded the extinction component was higher than the response rate in the variable‐interval 5‐min component that preceded the variable‐interval 1‐min component. The results were discussed in relation to the importance of stimulus ordering in experiments concerned with investigating

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-239

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained on a two‐link concurrent chain schedule in which responses on two keys were reinforced according to independent variable‐interval schedules by the production of a change in key color. Further responses on the key on which the stimulus change had been produced gave a single food reinforcement and a return to concurrent variable‐interval conditions. On one key the terminal link was a two‐valued mixed‐interval schedule, while on the other, the terminal link was a fixed‐interval schedule. When the mixed‐interval values were kept constant and the fixed‐interval values varied, relative response rates in the initial concurrent links matched relative reinforcement rates in the terminal links when these were computed from cubic transformations of the reciprocals of the intervals comprising the terminal

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-247

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In concurrent, two‐member chains, the completion of one or the other of two initial percentage fixed‐interval 90‐sec links produced a terminal link in which the completion of a fixed ratio produced food reinforcement. The fixed ratios and the duration of reinforcement in the terminal links were varied. Relative response rate in initial links was proportional to the relative reinforcement duration per ratio response (reinforcement duration divided by fixed ratio) in terminal links. The rate of responding in the terminal fixed‐ratio links was insensitive to both ratio size and reinforcement duration and therefore did not vary sufficiently to distinguish between responses per reinforcement and immediacy of reinforcement as controlling variables in termina

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-253

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rats responded on a fixed‐interval schedule during which a 3‐sec stimulus preceded each water reinforcement. The stimulus was then scheduled concurrently for responses on the same lever according to either a variable interval or a variable ratio. Although water reinforcement. continued on a fixed‐interval schedule, the pattern of responding became typical of a variable‐interval or variable‐ratio schedule. When the 3‐sec stimulus was presented on a variable‐interval or variable‐ratio schedule, but was omitted on the fixed‐interval schedule, the response rate decreased. When the stimulus occurred after the same time periods as those of the variable‐interval schedule, but at least 7‐sec after the last response, the rate decreased. The rate became higher when the fixed‐interval schedule was discontinued and each presentation of the 3‐sec stimulus was followed by water on a variable‐interval schedule. When both water and the 3‐sec stimulus were discontinued for a period of time, resulting in extinction of the lever response, and the 3‐sec stimulus alone then presented on a variable‐interval or variable‐ratio schedule after lever responses, rate inc

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-261

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY