摘要:

Reinforcement strengths of different intensities of brain stimulation were assessed by means of a two‐member behavioral chain. A variable interval schedule of 30 sec was the first‐member, and five lever presses, each rewarded with stimulation, was the second. It was found that response rate on the VI schedule continued to increase beyond the intensity value which produced peak rate on the second‐member, self‐stimulation lever. It was concluded (1) that brain‐stimulation reinforcement strength cannot be assessed adequately by means of self‐stimulation rate, and (2) the chaining technique employed in the present experiment appears promising as an analytical tool in brain‐stimulation research. Finally, some aspects of the data suggested a fatigue or stimulation‐adapta

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-285

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two pigeons were trained on an FR 150 schedule of reinforcement. An Estes‐Skinner conditioned suppression procedure was then superimposed on this performance at varied intervals. If the CS occurred during the early stages of the ratio run, complete suppression resulted. If the CS occurred during the later stages of the run, the birds continued to respond until the reinforcement was obtained, which was then followed by complete suppressio

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-289

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-292

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rats were reinforced with water for every bar‐press and concurrently punished for every 10th or 20th bar‐press. Punishment produced an initial suppression of responding followed by recovery. A slight change in the method of delivering punishment eventually led to a high response rate just after punishment, a low response rate just before punishment, and frequent intermediate pauses. The results are interpreted as showing that punishment became a safe signal and that the high rate of responding it released came to act as a conditioned aversive stimulus. The effects of amphetamine were consistent with this interpretation. Alcohol had the paradoxical effect of increasing pauses and depressing the low rate before punishm

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-293

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-301

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rats were trained to press two keys consecutively for reinforcement. During stimulus one (slow clicker) a 6‐sec time delay was required between the two responses. During stimulus eight (fast clicker) no time delay was required between the two responses. When tested with intermediate stimuli (intermediate click rates) the median time delays emitted by the animals were intermediate between their performances on the original training stimuli, resulting in typical generalization gradients. Closer examination of the data revealed that the median values were not representative of the behavior of the animal

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-303

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-308

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Monkeys were trained to release a telegraph key in response to a visual or auditory stimulus. The latency of the key release response was measured for different stimulus intensities. In general, the relation between latency and intensity is inverse and exponential with greater variability of latency at the lower intensities. Some preliminary data involving differential reinforcement of short latencies are presented.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-309

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-313

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four studies were conducted to investigate the source of reinforcement of Sidman avoidance. First it was found that the acquisition of avoidance was seriously impaired if there was no immediate stimulus consequence of responding,i.e., proprioceptive and auditory feedback. The second study showed that if the shock‐shock interval was split so that only responses occurring in one half of the interval were effective in postponing shock, then learning was impaired. It made little difference which half of the interval was used. The third study demonstrated thatSs learn Sidman avoidance more quickly with a variable shock‐shock interval than with the usual fixed‐interval procedure. The results of the second and third experiments argue against the view that avoidance is reinforced by the decrease in conditioned aversiveness that occurs at long post‐shock times. The final experiment indicated that Ss do not learn Sidman avoidance if the response‐produced delay of shock is preceded by a shock, hence it seems unlikely that the crucial source of reinforcement is merely an overall reduction in shock density. All of the findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the avoidance response is reinforced by the decrease in conditioned aversiveness of stimuli at short post‐response times. This seems to be the case even at the beginning of

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1964.7-315

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1964

数据来源: WILEY