摘要:

Reliable acquistion of the pigeon's key‐peck response resulted from repeated unconditional (response‐independent) presentations of food after the response key was illuminated momentarily. Comparison groups showed that acquisition was dependent upon light—food pairings, in that

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1968.11-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons' pecks on either of two concurrently available response keys produced secondary reinforcers according to independent one‐minute variable‐interval schedules. Different secondary reinforcers, in the presence of which the rates of primary reinforcement were equal, were associated with each key. The rate of pecking maintained by each secondary reinforcer varied directly, but nonproportionally, with the number of primary reinforcements given in the presence of the secondary reinfor

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1968.11-9

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons' responses in the presence of two concurrently available (initial‐link) stimuli produced one of two different (terminal‐link) stimuli according to identical but independent variable‐interval schedules. Responses in the presence of each terminal‐link stimulus produced equal frequencies of food reinforcement, but in the presence of one of the stimuli, food depended upon the emission of a response rate either higher or lower than a specified value (differential reinforcement of rates). The measure of preference, the dependent variable, was the distribution of responses in the presence of the concurrently available stimuli of the initial links. Each pigeon, the responding of which was appropriately controlled by the response‐rate requirements in the two terminal‐link stimuli, consistently preferred the stimulus not associated with a response‐rat

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1968.11-15

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three pigeons' pecks were reinforced on 1‐ and 2‐min variable‐interval schedules, and frequency distributions of their interresponse times (IRTs) were recorded. The conditional probability that a response would fall into any IRT category was estimated by the interresponse‐times‐per‐opportunity transformation (IRTs/op). The resulting functions were notable chiefly for the relatively low probability of IRTs in the 0.2‐ to 0.3‐sec range; in other respects they varied within and between subjects. The overall level of the curves generally rose over the course of 32 experimental hours, but their shapes changed unsystematically. The shape of the IRT distribution was much the same for VI 1‐min and VI 2‐min. The variability of these distributions supports the notion that the VI schedule only loosely controls response rate, permitting wide latitude to adventitious effects. There was no systematic evidence that curves changed over sessions to conform to the distribution of re

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1968.11-23

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rats were trained to respond to the brighter of two keys. Four animals were trained with food pellets and four with electrical brain stimulation. Each discrimination sequence was initiated when the animal broke a light beam at the rear of the chamber, turning on the key lights and starting a 30‐sec reinforcement period. An initial response on the brighter key was immediately reinforced, and further responses on the brighter key were then intermittently reinforced. Any time the dimmer key was pressed, a 30‐sec timeout was introduced. During timeout, no response had any programmed consequence. When the reinforcement period or the timeout ended, a new discrimination sequence could be initiated. Daily 1‐hr training sessions were conducted, and after seven or eight sessions, all animals were at or near errorless performance levels. The luminance of the brighter key was then systematically reduced, in seven steps, with two 30‐min test sessions at each step. Orderly psychometric functions were generated for individual animals. Initial acquisition, once position preferences were broken, was equally rapid for food and for brain‐stimulation animals, and the two reinforcement procedures yielded comparable levels of brightness discrim

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1968.11-29

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Methods were compared for teaching severely retarded boys to discriminate the position of a 0.75‐in. black square and to press the response key closest to it. Seven boys were given trial‐and‐error training; one learned the task. The six boys who did not learn were presented with a program of graduated stimulus changes. All but one acquired the performance, and he was under appropriate control during the program. When he reached the criterion stimuli, he reverted to a position‐based response learned during trial‐and‐error training. Six similar subjects were presented with graduated stimulus training alone. All six learned the criterion discrimination with few or no errors. Both groups were tested for retention of the criterion performance 35 days after training was completed. Two boys who had near‐perfect criterion discrimination performances showed no signs of retention after 35 days. These boys had a history of trial‐and

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1968.11-39

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1968.11-49

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1968.11-52

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rats were exposed to a multiple schedule of reinforcement. During one component, a bar‐press was followed by reinforcement only if it occurred between 15 and 20 sec after the previous response. This differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate (DRL) schedule produced a typical slow rate of responding. During the other component, reinforcement followed the first response to be emitted during limited periods of time which occurred at fixed intervals. These fixed‐interval schedules with a limited hold produced higher response rates, described as ‘interval’ or ‘ratio‐like’ behavior. Responding during the DRL component increased in frequency during a tone which ended with an unavoidable shock of low intensity, but decreased during the tone when the shock intensity was raised. The ‘interval’ and ‘ratio‐like’ responding decreased in frequency during the tone at all shock intensities. Initial acceleration of the DRL responding appeared to be due to adventitious punishment of collateral behavior which was observed between the bar‐presses. The more severe conditioned suppression during the fixed‐interval components might be the result of the lower probability of rein

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1968.11-53

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1968.11-62

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY