摘要:

Key‐pecking intermittently produced a set of brief exteroceptive stimulus changes under two‐component multiple schedules of conditioned reinforcement. Throughout the study, free access to grain was concurrently provided on an intermittent basis via a variable‐interval tape. Free food presentations scheduled by the tape were delivered if no peck had been emitted for 6 sec, and the brief stimulus changes produced by responding under the multiple schedules were those which accompanied food presentation. The second component of each multiple schedule was always associated with a 1‐min, variable‐interval schedule of conditioned reinforcement. The schedule associated with the first component was systematically varied and conditioned reinforcement was either absent (extinction) or programmed on a 1‐, 3‐, 6‐, or 12‐min variable‐interval schedule. Under these conditions, rate of responding in the manipulated component decreased monotonically with a decrease in the frequency of conditioned reinforcement. In addition, contrast effects were often obtained in the constant, second component. These results are similar to those obtained with similar multiple schedules of pr

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-331

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In Exp. I three pigeons were trained on a two‐component chain schedule. Responding on a 1‐min variable‐interval schedule in the initial component led to a sequence of two fixed‐interval schedules in the terminal component. The rate of reinforcement in the terminal component was kept constant while the values of the two fixed intervals were varied. Three combinations of fixed‐interval schedules were studied, FI 0.25, FI 1.75 (minutes) or FI 1.00, FI 1.00, or FI 1.75, FI 0.25. The rate for each subject declined in the initial component as the value of the first fixed interval was increased. Experiment II was conducted to assess the role of the second fixed‐interval schedule in the terminal component in determining the rate of responding in the initial component. For each chain schedule the rate of responding in the initial component was determined both with and without the second of the sequence of fixed intervals. In all three cases the rate of responding in the initial component decreased when the second fixed interval was removed. Increasing the first fixed interval in Exp. I had a greater effect on variable‐interval performance than did the removal of the second fixed interv

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-341

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were exposed to a cyclic schedule in which each cycle was composed of twelve 1‐min fixed intervals followed by four 3‐min fixed intervals; four such cycles comprised an experimental session. The pigeons responded at a much higher average rate during the 3‐min intervals than during the 1‐min intervals. Other effects were a depression of responding during the first short interval of each cycle and a shortening of postreinforcement pause during the second short interval. The main effect is attributable to a relatively fixed pattern of responding after reinforcement; this pattern consisted in a pause of approximately constant duration followed by responding at an approximately constant rate until the next reinforcement, resulting in much higher average response rates during the longer interreinforcement intervals. The other effects seem attributable to relatively slight differences between the pattern of responding characteristic of later long intervals and the pattern during later short intervals of each cycle. A major implication is that the pigeon is largely insensitive to the sequential properties of many interval‐reinforcement schedules. A description of interval‐schedule “frustration” phenomena in terms of the inhibitory effects of reinforcement is discussed in relation t

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-349

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained to discriminate the presence or absence of a vertical line, and their performance on a subsequent generalization test was compared with that of other pigeons trained to discriminate a vertical from a 45° line. On the generalization gradient after discrimination training, the presence/absence discrimination group showed a peak at 0° (vertical) while the peak for the 0°/45° discrimination group shifted from 0° in a direction away from the 45° line. The results, discussed in connection with a recent suggestion about the role of color in the peak‐shift effect, are interpreted as supporting the generality of the phe

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-361

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three rhesus monkeys were trained to press either of two response keys. A response on the reinforcement key during presentation of the reinforced stimulus produced a sucrose pellet followed by an intertrial interval, but during presentation of the unreinforced stimulus produced only the intertrial interval. A response on the switching key changed the discriminative stimulus from reinforced to unreinforced or from unreinforced to reinforced. The reinforced stimulus was presented automatically on half the trials, but could be produced only by a switching response on the other half. Switching tended to occur in three distinct stages during acquisition of discriminative behavior. The first stage was identified as “nondiscriminative switching”; the second as “nonswitching”; and the third as “discriminative s

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-367

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-373

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A procedure is described for assessing response bias to either the form or color dimension of a compound standard stimulus. Responding was assessed under conditions of equal reinforcement (three tokens) for responding to either the form or color dimension. Under these conditions, the four male subjects (aged 7 to 11 yr) differentially responded to the form dimension. After a bias was assessed, the number of tokens delivered contingent upon form responses was reduced. After a reversal in differential responding, the equal‐reinforcement condition was reintroduced. Two of the subjects returned to their initial response bias when equal reinforcement for either dimensional response was reintroduced, and two maintained the reversal established during the differential‐reinforcement phase. For the latter two subjects, differential reinforcement was again imposed, in favor of form. This partial replication reinstated their original pattern of response b

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-375

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-383

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-386

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Key‐pecking responses of a pigeon were maintained by a variable‐interval schedule of food reinforcement. The responses were suppressed during the occasional presentation of a warning stimulus paired with electric shock. The presence of a second pigeon emitting the same response for food reinforcement reduced the suppression that otherwise occurred during the warning stimulus when the second pigeon was absent. These results reveal that the social facilitation phenomenon can be used to restore behavior that is suppressed by a conditioned aversive stimu

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-387

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY