摘要:

Aversive stimuli are known to produce the behaviors of both escape and attack. The interaction between these two basic reactions was studied with rats and monkeys using many shock‐escape and shock‐avoidance procedures. All procedures produced attack if a target was present, the attacks occurring shortly after shock delivery. The number of attacks during escape or avoidance was a direct function of the number and duration of shocks received. Consequently, any aspect of the procedure that produced many shocks also produced many attacks such as initial acquisition, extinction, or an increase of the response requirement for escape. The escape tendency acquired prepotency over the tendency to attack since successful escape eliminated attack behavior. The attack tendency retarded escape behavior only during acquisition when the preoccupation with attack precluded the opportunity to learn the escape response. This mutual interference of escape and attack was eliminated when the attack and avoidance tendencies were combined by using biting attack as the shock‐avoidance response. The result was unusually rapid conditioning of the biting‐attack response. These interactions indicate that both the attack and escape tendency should be considered whenever aversive stimulation is de

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-131

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-149

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

After preliminary variable‐interval training, one group of pigeons was trained on a series of multiple variable‐interval low‐rate reinforcement schedules, while another group was trained on a series of multiple variable‐interval fixed‐ratio reinforcement schedules. Contrast effects were observed as variable‐interval baseline rate changed in a direction away from the change in reinforcement frequency in the other component. The effects of the variable‐interval component on performance in the low‐rate and fixed‐ratio reinforcement components in the multiple schedules were assessed by comparing the birds' performances on each of these schedules alone. Fixed‐ratio reinforcement schedules showed a susceptibility to contrast effects, low‐rate reinforcement schedules did not. The rate of reinforcement in fixed‐ratio schedules at which no interaction occurred in the multiple schedules was higher than that in variable‐interval 1‐min schedules, suggesting that pigeons may prefer time‐based, rather than

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-151

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were rewarded on a variable time interval for pecking a translucent key illuminated with either a 45° or a vertical line. The key illumination changed every 2 min during daily 1‐hr sessions. When the rates of pecking were stable, reinforcement was omitted in the presence of the 45° line. Responding in the presence of the vertical line increased. This increase did not disappear when responses to the 45° line were once more reinforced, but when reinforcements for responses in the presence of the 45° line were again omitted, responding to the vertical line increased again. After the second alternation of these two procedures, the increased responding to the vertical line appeared when responses were not reinforced in the presence of the 45° line, and disappeared when reinforcement was available during both stimuli. In a second experiment, the key illumination changed between sessions only, so that 1‐hr sessions of reinforcement and non‐reinforcement occurred on alternate days. Responding to the vertical line still increased when responding to the 45° line was not reinforced, but the increase tended to disappear during

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-159

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Nine rats were trained to bar press in the presence of a clicking sound of 6.67 cps (SD) for 1‐min variable‐interval food reinforcement randomly alternated with a clicking sound of 20 cps (SΔ) signifying extinction. After a criterion of 90% of total responses in the presence of the SDwas obtained, a generalization test was administered, including values of 6.67, 10.00, 13.33, and 20.00 cps, with responses in the presence of the SDcontinuing to be reinforced during testing. The test yielded a gradient of response strength with rate highest in the presence of the SDand decreasing with increasing distance from this value. An inter‐response time (IRT) analysis of responding during generalization testing revealed no systematic differences in modal IRT category or in median IRT to the different test stimuli. Mean IRT was lowest in the presence of the SDand increased systematically with increasing distance from this value, supporting the hypothesis that the generalization gradient of response rate is primarily the result of an increasing proportion of “long” IRT responses to stimuli increasingly distant f

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-165

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In behavioral studies it is often necessary to classify events and store the number of events occurring in each classification. The classification requirements may be either functions of amplitude (i.e., intensity, force, peaks,etc.) or time (i.e., duration, interval,etc.). The following describes an analyzer capable of classifying events according to their duration, interval, or time of occurrence, and storing and displaying the number of such events in each classification.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-169

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-173

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Second‐order schedules consisting of sequences of component differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate schedules were used to investigate two different methods of introducing exteroceptive stimuli. When different exteroceptive stimuli were associated with each component (chained schedule), periods of pausing and lower response rates developed in the early components compared to the early components of the same sequence in the presence of a single exteroceptive stimulus (tandem schedule). When a brief stimulus change occurred at the completion of each component, response rates were higher in the early components compared to the tandem schedule. Changes in response rates in the early components were directly related to changes in reinforcement frequency in the terminal components produced by the two methods of presenting the exteroceptiv

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-175

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Eight white rats were trained to make fixed numbers of responses on each of two bars alternately in the presence of different exteroceptive stimuli. Three types of error were observed:alternating—bar switching before response requirements for reinforcement were met;perseverating—responding on the wrong bar after reinforcement; andovershooting—responding on a bar after reinforcement became available. Alternating and perseverating errors occurred mainly on the bar requiring the smaller ratio. When the ratios on the bars were changed, alternating errors were most common, but they diminished rapidly. Perseverating and overshooting errors did not dim

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-185

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1967.10-191

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY