摘要:

If a response key is regularly illuminated for several seconds before food is presented, pigeons will peck it after a moderate number of pairings; this “auto‐shaping” procedure of Brown and Jenkins (1968) was explored further in the present series of four experiments. The first showed that pecking was maintained even when pecks turned off the key and prevented reinforcement (auto‐maintenance); the second controlled for possible effects of generalization and stimulus change. Two other experiments explored procedures that manipulated the tendency to peck the negatively correlated key by introducing alternative response keys which had no scheduled consequences. The results indicate that pecking can be established and maintained by certain stimulus‐reinforcer relationships, independent of explicit or adventitious contingencies between response and r

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-511

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons exposed to gradually increasing intensities of pulsing electric shock pecked a key and thereby reduced the intensity of shock to zero for 2 min. Acquisition of key pecking was brought about through an autoshaping process in which periodic brief keylight presentations immediately preceded automatic reduction of the shock. On the occasions of such automatic reduction of shock preceding the first measured key peck, little or no orientation to the key was observed. Observations of pigeons with autoshaping of positive reinforcement also revealed little evidence of orientation toward the key.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-521

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons had been trained to peck a key when each peck removed a slowly increasing series of electric shocks. Without loss of the established key‐pecking response, the birds were gradually weaned from this procedure to one where intense shocks were presented suddenly, duplicating features that had proved ineffective for initial shaping of the response. Finally, a procedure was introduced in which key pecks could avoid shock. Avoidance responding was maintained in two of three pigeon

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-533

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four rhesus monkeys learned both a color and tilt discrimination. The stimuli were combined to produce incompatible behavior. The behavior controlled by one set of stimuli was reinforced until “errors” virtually disappeared. The stimuli were tested separately again. Sixteen replications of the entire procedure indicated that the stimuli producing “errors” were

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-539

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained with a successive discrimination procedure in which responding during the negative stimulus was never reinforced and responding during the positive stimulus was reinforced according to one of four probability values. This discrimination training followed extensive training with a single, neutral stimulus and the same temporal distribution of reinforcements. The development of stimulus control was studied by tracing the difference in rate of responding between the positive and negative stimuli over the course of discrimination training. Response rate during the positive stimulus remained constant, while that during the negative stimulus decreased to zero. The probability of reinforcement associated with the positive stimulus affected both the total number of responses emitted during the negative stimulus and the number of negative stimulus presentations during which responding occurred. However, the number of reinforcements during the positive stimulus preceding the attainment of various degrees of stimulus control was similar for all probability values.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-551

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-560

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained under a schedule in which reinforcement was made available at varying periods of time after a prior reinforcement. The first key peck after a reinforcer was available began a timer and a second key peck, which exceeded a specified minimal time interval, produced the reinforcer. It was shown that a contingency which contains a minimal inter‐response time does not necessarily weaken stimulus control by an exteroceptive stimulu

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-561

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-564

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Compared with the data of goldfish trained only with stimuli correlated with reinforcement, interspersed reinforcement‐stimulus and extinction‐stimulus trials resulted in sharper stimulus control and a marked reduction in the percentage of key‐presses emitted in the presence of stimuli located near the extinction stimulus on the test dimension. If non‐reinforced trials were not interspersed with reinforced trials, there was no sharpening of stimulus control and less reduction in key presses in the presence of stimuli near the extinction stimulus on the test di

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-565

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Different groups of pigeons were trained to respond to red and not to green with and without errors (responses to green) under a free operant procedure, in which responding to red was intermittently reinforced, and under a trial procedure in which all responses to red were reinforced. The response to red was then extinguished under a procedure in which the discriminative stimuli were successively alternated as during discrimination training. The performances of those birds that learned the discrimination without errors under the trial procedure were seriously disrupted during extinction; the birds persistently responded to green for the first time. The performances of those subjects that learned the discrimination without errors under the free operant procedure were not disrupted during extinction. In a second experiment, the same discrimination was trained without errors under a trial procedure in which the response to red was intermittently reinforced. Extinction did not disrupt discrimination performance. Thus, errorless discrimination performance was shown to remain intact during extinction so long as the response to red was intermittently reinforced during discrimination training.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1969.12-571

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1969

数据来源: WILEY