摘要:

TheJournal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior(JEAB) and theJournal of Applied Behavior Analysis(JABA) have both established home pages on the World Wide Web. Their addresses are:http:www.envmed.rochester.eduwwwrapbehaviorjeabjeabhome.htmhttp:www.envmed.rochester.eduwwwrapbehaviorjabajabahome.htmAn important feature of these pages is a powerful program that permits rapid full‐text searches of a database consisting of the nearly 5,000 abstracts that have accompanied articles published inJEABsince 1958 and inJABAsince 1968. An electronic version of a single article from each issue of each journal is now made available soon after the paper edition of the journal appear

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1996.66-265

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Resurgence has been shown in human and nonhuman operant behavior, but not in derived relational responses. The present study examined this issue. Twenty‐three undergraduates were trained to make conditional discriminations in a three‐choice matching‐to‐sample paradigm. The training resulted in three equivalence classes, each consisting of four arbitrarily configured visual stimuli. The same 12 stimuli were then reorganized, and the conditional discrimination training was repeated such that three new classes were possible. In a subsequent test of derived relations, most subjects showed response patterns that were consistent with the altered conditional discriminations. Subjects were then exposed to conditional discrimination trials under extinction. Most subjects continued to respond consistently with the most recently reinforced conditional discrimination trials. During the next phase, subjects were exposed to symmetry and equivalence trials. Responses consistent with the most recent training produced feedback saying that the responses were incorrect, whereas other responses produced no feedback. Most subjects showed a resurgence of responding that was consistent with their earlier training. Finally, subjects were exposed to conditional discrimination trials carried out in extinction. Most subjects continued to show a resurgence of responding that was consistent with their early t

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1996.66-267

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1996.66-282

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although it has repeatedly been demonstrated that pigeons, as well as other species, will often choose a variable schedule of reinforcement over an equivalent (or even richer) fixed schedule, the exact nature of that controlling relation has yet to be fully assessed. In this study pigeons were given repeated choices between concurrently available fixed‐ratio and variable‐ratio schedules. The fixed‐ratio requirement (30 responses) was constant throughout the experiment, wheareas the distribution of individual ratios making up the variable‐ratio schedule changed across phases: The smallest and largest of these components were varied gradually, with the mean variable‐ratio requirement constant at 60 responses. The birds' choices of the variable‐ratio schedule tracked the size of the smallest variable‐ratio component. A minimum variable‐ratio component at or near 1 produced strong preference for the variable‐ratio schedule, whereas increases in the minimum variable‐ratio component resulted in reduced preference for the variable‐ratio schedule. The birds' behavior was qualitatively consistent with Mazur's (1984) hyperbolic model of delayed reinforcement and could be described as approximate maximizing with respect t

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1996.66-283

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Twelve pigeons, divided into two groups, responded on concurrent nonindependent variable‐interval schedules to obtain access to grain by either pecking keys or pressing treadles. Either the amount of grain or the delay to the receipt of grain was varied in separate conditions to determine the sensitivity of relative responding to variation in reinforcer amount (sA), the sensitivity to variation in reinforcer delay (sD), andsA/sD, a measure related to self‐control. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the values ofsA,sD, andsA/sD. These results suggest that the values ofsA,sD, andsA/sDfor pigeons may be similar across these two types of respon

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1996.66-297

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Progressive‐interval performances are described using measures that have proven to be successful in the analysis of fixed‐interval responding. Five rats were trained with schedules in which the durations of consecutive intervals increased arithmetically as each interval was completed (either 6‐s or 12‐s steps for different subjects). The response patterns that emerged with extended training (90 sessions) indicated that performances had come under temporal control. Postreinforcement pausing increased as a function of the interval duration, the pauses were proportional to the prevailing duration, and the likelihood of the first response within an interval increased as the interval elapsed. To assess the resistance of these patterns to disruption, subjects were trained with a schedule that generated high response rates and short pauses (variable ratio). When the progressive‐interval schedule was reinstated, pausing was attenuated and rates were elevated, but performances reverted to earlier patterns with continued exposure. The results indicated that temporal control by progressive‐interval schedules, although slow to develop, is similar in many respects to that for fixed‐inter

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1996.66-311

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were presented with an operant simulation of two prey patches using concurrent random‐ratio schedules of reinforcement. An unstable patch offered a higher initial reinforcement probability, which then declined unpredictably to a zero reinforcement probability in each session. A stable patch offered a low but unvarying reinforcement probability. When the reinforcement probability declined to zero in a single step, the birds displayed shorter giving‐up times in the unstable patch when the ratio between the initial reinforcement probabilities in the unstable and stable patches was greater and when the combined magnitude of the reinforcement probabilities in the two patches was greater. When the unstable patch declined in two steps, the birds behaved as if their giving‐up times were influenced heavily by events encountered during the most recent step of the double‐step change. This effect was observed, however, only when the reinforcement probability in that step was .04, not when it was .06. All of these data agree with the predictions of a capture‐probability model based on a comparison of the estimated probability of receiving a reinforcer in the current patch with that in alternativ

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1996.66-327

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study examined in 8‐hour sessions the effects ofd‐amphetamine (1.0, 5.6, and 10 mg/kg) on the acquisition of lever‐press responding in rats that were exposed to procedures in which water delivery was delayed by 0, 8, or 16 seconds relative to the response that produced it. Both nonresetting‐ and resetting‐delay conditions were studied. Although neither shaping nor autoshaping occurred, substantial levels of operative‐lever responding developed under all conditions in which responses produced water. The lowest dose (1.0 mg/kg) ofd‐amphetamine either had no effect on or increased operative‐lever pressing, whereas higher doses typically produced an initial reduction in lever pressing. Nonetheless, overall rates of operative‐lever pressing at these doses were as high as, or higher than, those observed with vehicle. Thus, response acquisition was observed under all reinforcement procedures at all drug doses. In the absence of the drug, most responding occurred on the operative lever when reinforcement was immediate. Such differential responding also developed under both nonresetting‐ and resetting‐delay procedures when the delay was 8 seconds, but not when it was 16 seconds.d‐Amphetamine did not affect the development of differential responding under any procedure. Thus, consistent withd‐amphetamine's effects under repeated acquisition procedures, the drug had no detrimental effect on learning until doses that produced general behavioral dis

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1996.66-349

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rats and pigeons responded on several concurrent schedules that provided different reinforcers in the two components (food and water for rats, Experiment 1; wheat and mixed grain for pigeons, Experiment 2). The rate of responding and the time spent responding on each component usually changed within the session. The within‐session changes in response rates and time spent responding usually followed different patterns for the two components of a concurrent schedule. For most subjects, the bias and sensitivity to reinforcement parameters of the generalized matching law, as well as the percentage of the variance accounted for, decreased within the session. Negative sensitivity parameters were sometimes found late in the session for the concurrent food‐water schedules. These results imply that within‐session changes in responding could cause problems for assessing the validity of quantitative theories of concurrent‐schedule responding when the components provide different reinforcers. They question changes in a general motivational state, such as arousal, as a complete explanation for within‐session changes in responding. The results are compatible with satiation for, or sensitization‐habituation to, the reinforcers as e

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1996.66-369

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes the behavioral adaptation observed for 16 pigeons responding to a step transition in the reinforcement rate in a repeated‐trial design. Within each trial, following exposure for a fixed period to a variable‐interval schedule, there was an unsignaled change in the schedule to extinction. The step transition allowed an experimental test of the applicability of a linear analysis to steady‐state dynamic behavior. The computations required for this test yielded, as an intermediate result, transfer functions for each of the 16 birds from 1 mHz to 256 mHz. The transfer functions obtained show greater responsiveness to lower frequencies (i.e., longer time‐scale structures in the reinforcement schedule); hence, the pigeons have the characteristics of a low‐pass filter. The outcome of the test is that some predictability of the pigeons' future behavior is

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1996.66-391

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY