摘要:

Pigeons' standing on one or the other side of a chamber was reinforced with timeout from electric shock on two concurrent variable‐interval schedules. For two pigeons, the ratio of time spent on the left to time spent on the right approximately matched the ratio of timeouts obtained on the left to timeouts obtained on the right. The data of two other birds deviated from this relation, although in opposite directions. Overall, the results suggest that reduction in rate of electric shock plays a role in behavioral allocation analogous to that played by rate of positive reinforcement. It appears possible to describe aversive control and positive control within the same conceptual framework—that provided by the matching relat

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-313

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Auto‐shaping the pigeon's key‐peck response was examined as a respondent conditioning procedure with the use of Rescorla's truly‐random control procedure. In the first experiment, pigeons received presentations of brief light on the response key and brief presentations of food where the light and the food were independently presented. All birds failed to key peck after many light and food presentations, but explicit pairing of the light and food rapidly conditioned pecking to the light. Experiment 2 showed that even when an independent light/food presentation schedule was reduced to variable‐time 30 sec, additional naive birds would not key peck and only one bird pecked when the schedules were variable‐time 15 sec. A third experiment examined an explicit‐unpairing control procedure, where the light and food were not only presented on independent schedules but were also separated by a minimum time, and found that auto‐shaping did not occur. A fourth experiment investigated a number of control procedures and found them ineffective. A fifth experiment investigated the effects of a physical separation of the locus of the response key and the food dispenser, and a sixth experiment investigated using a tone in place of the light. It was concluded that pecking is generated by auto‐shaping procedures only when an intermittently presented keylight is regularly p

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-323

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Visual acuity thresholds for grating targets were determined for three pigeons at target distances ranging from 13 to 73 cm. These measurements were made both while the birds were wearing goggles restricting vision to the frontal field of view and when vision was unrestricted. Using a slightly different method, performance was also compared for target distances of 6 and 13 cm while the goggles were in place. For a second group of three pigeons, acuity data were obtained before and after laser lesions of the retina's foveal region. The findings suggested that acuity was relatively poor for targets at the intermediate distances and that it improved as distance both increased and decreased from these intermediate values. The acuity improvement with increasing distance did not occur, however, when the birds were wearing frontal goggles. The data appear to be consistent with Catania's 1964 suggestion that the pigeon has separate frontal and lateral visual systems that differ in their refractive characteristics. Foveal lesions did not appear to affect acuity for distant targets, and it was concluded that, while the fovea serves the lateral field of view, its presence is not necessary to the static acuity characteristics of this system.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-333

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Squirrel monkeys were restrained in a centrifuge capsule and trained to escape and avoid increases in artificial gravity. During escape‐avoidance, lever responses reduced centrifugally simulated gravity or postponed scheduled increases. The effect of variation in the interval of postponement (equal to the duration of decrease produced by escape responses) was studied under a multiple schedule of four components. Three components were gravity escape‐avoidance with postponement times of 20, 40, and 60 sec. The fourth component was extinction. Each component was associated with a different auditory stimulus. Rate of responding decreased with increasing postponement time and higher mean g‐levels occurred at shorter intervals of postponement. Effects of the schedule parameter on response rate and mean g‐level were similar to effects of the schedule on free‐operant avoidance and on titration behavior maintained

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-345

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Siamese fighting fish were trained to emit an operant response that was reinforced by the opportunity to view a motion picture film image of another fish. Performance under various schedules of reinforcement was examined. When reinforcement followed every response and when reinforcement was delivered after every second response, the number of responses per session was higher than during operant level or during extinction. Reinforcement delivered following intervals of no responding (differential reinforcement of other behavior) markedly decreased responding. Light from a projector without film was found to be as effective a reinforcer as film reinforcement. Responding when projector light reinforcement followed every response was maintained at approximately the same level as that obtained under film reinforcement. Responses per session decreased when only the light was delivered on a differential‐reinforcement‐of‐other‐behavior schedule. The behavior of the fish during presentation of the film was markedly different from their behavior while the projector light was being pr

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-355

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A 1‐min tone and light signal that preceded two free pellets of food suppressed the random‐ratio responding of four rhesus monkeys, but accelerated the same subjects' responding on a differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate schedule in separate sessions. Both schedule‐specific interactions occurred during the first presentations of the signal that previously had been paired with food outside the operant sessions. Thus, neither effect was adventitiously produced. In two subjects, both the direction and magnitude of the prereward change in differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate responding appeared related to baseline response rates: the more rapid the baseline responding, the less was the acceleration during the signal. Suppression and acceleration did not appear as dichotomous effects with separate parameters, but as related effects at least partly determined by the characteristics of the baselin

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-363

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The first experiment studied the effects of punishment on rats' lever pressing maintained by a fixed‐interval schedule of food reinforcement and on the associated schedule‐induced licking. When licking was followed by shock, licking was suppressed but lever pressing was largely unaffected. When lever pressing was followed by shock, lever pressing was suppressed but licking was unaffected. In both cases, the punished behavior recovered its previous unpunished level when the shocks were discontinued. In a second experiment, the rats' lever pressing was maintained by a variable‐interval schedule of food reinforcement under which polydipsic licking also developed. Both lever pressing and licking were partially suppressed during a stimulus correlated with occasional unavoidable electric shocks. With a higher shock intensity, both behaviors were suppressed further. Both lever pressing and licking recovered their previous levels when shocks were discontinued. These results show that schedule‐induced licking, which has been described as adjunctive behavior, can be suppressed by procedures that suppress reinforced lever pressing, an operant b

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-375

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons and rats were used in a yoked‐control design that equated the reinforcement distributions of differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate and variable‐interval schedules. Both a between‐subjects design and a within‐subjects design found response rate higher for the variable‐interval schedule than for the differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate schedule, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate contingency. The interresponse‐time distributions were unimodal for all subjects under the variable‐interval schedule and bimodal for pigeons under the differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate schedule. The interresponse‐time distributions for rats under the differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate schedule were also bimodal in three of four cases but the height of the modes at the shorter intenesponse times were small in both absolute value and in relation to the height of the modes at the sh

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-385

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained under concurrent chain schedules in which the initial links were equal aperiodic schedules and the terminal links were fixed‐interval schedules. Choice proportions in the initial links were measured in 26 experimental conditions. The data showed the inadequacy of previous models of concurrent chain performance. A new model was suggested in which choice is a joint function of terminal‐link times, overall reinforcement rates, and terminal‐link entries. This model accounted for 94% of the variance in the present data and for substantial percentages of the variance in previously reported data. The model simplifies to matching between response ratios and obtained reinforcement rate ratios for simple concurrent schedule perfor

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-393

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-404

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY