摘要:

Pigeons were trained on an observing‐response procedure in which periods of VR 100 and EXT alternated unpredictably during a white light (mixed stimulus). During VR 100, responses on a food‐producing key (the first key) were intermittently reinforced. Responses on the observing key (the second key) produced a green light (positive stimulus) when VR 100 was in effect, and a red light (negative stimulus) for EXT. The birds did not respond on either key during the negative stimulus, but they responded on the food‐producing key when the positive stimulus appeared. When observing responses produced the positive or negative stimulus on FR, observing responses were maintained until the FR reached a maximum; beyond this, only food‐producing responses occurred. When observing responses did not produce either stimulus, the observing‐response rates fell to zero. With prolonged exposure to an FR 20 schedule of observing, observing‐response rates during EXT were higher than during VR 100. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride decreased the total response output but markedly increased observing‐response rates except when it was administered before sessions of observing respon

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-3

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-14

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a wide variety of learning experiments, cumulated measures of performance turn out to be a power function of practice time or number trials, typically with an exponent between 1 and 2. The effects of various conditions on the course of learning can frequently be described in terms of the two constants of the function.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-15

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the presence of a bright light, monkeys were trained to press a lever to avoid shock and to pull a chain for food reward. After gradients of generalization to other light intensities had been determined for each response, gradients were subsequently secured after training in a brightness discrimination and under several free‐shock conditions. The following results were obtained: (1) Generalization gradients prior to discrimination training were much steeper for the food‐controlled response than for the shock‐controlled response. This finding was confirmed in another study in which rats served as subjects. (2) After discrimination training, both gradients became much steeper, but the avoidance gradient still showed more generalized responding than that of reward. (3) After a period of continuous testing with all the different test intensities, the two gradients became even steeper. In addition, differences between the two gradients virtually disappeared. (4) The intermittent delivery of free shocks during a previously non‐shocked light intensity radically affected the shape of the avoidance gradient, just as the addition of an avoidance contingency did during the same, previously non‐shocked, light

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-19

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-32

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Six 4‐year‐oldSs were presented with a textual program consisting of 26 words arranged so the word stimuli were gradually combined into sentences and then short “stories.” ThreeSs were given the No‐Reinforcement condition first, and only social reinforcers were presented. They were switched to the Reinforcement condition as soon as they requested discontinuance of the activity. The other threeSs were given Reinforcement—No Reinforcement—Reinforcement treatments. The No‐Reinforcement treatment in this case lasted untilSrequested discontinuance of the activity. The reinforcers were mixed edibles and trinkets, as well as tokens backed up by small plastic toys on a 1:24 ratio. The unit of response was the number of new texts acquired as a result of each of the 45‐min experimental sessions. It was demonstrated that the program, procedure, and reinforcement conditions produced curves which are analogous to those produced in common operant‐conditioning procedures. The results indicate that other operant principles may be studied in this significant area of human behavior, with important pra

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-33

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Individual performances of three rats were examined under a procedure in which steady rates of bar pressing were maintained by conditioned aversive stimulation. Originally neutral visual and auditory stimuli were accompanied by widely and irregularly spaced pulses of shock; they were terminated on a variable‐interval schedule by pressing a bar. The contingencies between behavior and shock were also duplicated in a control procedure in which no visual or auditory stimuli were provided. Pressing observed under the control procedure was attributed to differences in the aversiveness of pressing and nonpressing behavior engendered by differences in the incidence of shock following the two classes of behavior. Increased rates with visual and auditory stimuli were attributed to termination of conditioned aversive stimulation. Control rates declined more rapidly than did experimental rates as the mean interval between successive shocks was lengthened; both rates tended to decline when less than 60 sec was allowed as time out from shocks following the successful response. In the control procedure, discrimination between the continuation and discontinuation of the shock series, as measured by relative rates, depended on the relative length of the interval between shocks and the time‐out period. Regular warm‐up accelerations in rate were noted following an initial delay in responding at the beginning of each session. The length of time required for the warm‐up depended on the length of the mean interval between shocks, indicating that exposure to a certain amount of shock was required to establish a supporting state for the observed perf

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-41

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-48

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two pigeons were exposed to several fixed‐interval schedules of food reinforcement. In some cases, exteroceptive stimuli associated with the passage of time were present. Such visual “clock” stimuli were found to gain almost complete control over the behavior, although at the longest fixed interval studied, the superposition of a new temporal discrimination upon the visual discrimination was observed. Where clock stimuli were made contingent upon the birds' behavior, a new form of responding was generated. This behavior was discussed in terms of positive and negative response‐tendencies resulting from several stimulus factors: Some of these functioned as SΔ's and secondary negative reinforcers; some functioned as SD's and secondary positive reinforcers; and some were ambiguous with respect to reinforcement conditions. A “pure temporal” discrimination was superimposed upon these factors, but its exact nature was indeterminate from the

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-49

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-58

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1962

数据来源: WILEY