摘要:

Responses to S− (“errors”) are not a necessary condition for the formation of an operant discrimination of color. Errors do not occur if discrimination training begins early in conditioning and if S+ and S− initially differ with respect to brightness, duration and wavelength. After training starts, S−'s duration and brightness is progressively increased until S+ and S− differ only with respect to wavelength. Errors do occur if training starts after much conditioning in the presence of S+ has occurred or if S+ and S−. differ only with respect to wavelength throughout training. Performance following discrimination learning without errors lacks three characteristics that are found following learning with errors. Only those birds that learned the discrimination with errors showed (1) “emotional” responses in the presence of S−, (2) an increase in the rate (or a decrease in the latency) of its response to S+, and (3) occasional bursts

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-28

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two dogs were maintained on a multiple schedule having both a food reinforced and an avoidance component (Mult VI 1′ SΔAvoidSS20 RS20SΔ). The effects of superimposing an Estes‐Skinner procedure for delivering unavoidable shocks on all components of the multiple schedule were observed. The buzzer‐shock pairing of the Estes‐Skinner procedure produced an increased rate of responding on the avoidance component of the schedule and also on the SΔcomponents. No persistent change in rate was observed on the food component during the pre‐shock stimulus. Control performances on all components could be regained by either extinguishing or eliminating the buzzer‐shock pairing. Extinction of the avoidance responding had little effect on the increased rates of responding produced by the Estes‐Skinner procedure on the SΔand avoidance extinction components and did not lead to a conditioned suppression of the food reinforced responding. Rate of responding during the pre‐shock stimulus was observed to be relatively independent of changes in the maintaining schedules. Responding during the pre‐shock stimulus could be conditioned and maintained after an extensive history of

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-29

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-38

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes a procedure for gaining experimental control over mediating behavipr on a spaced‐responding schedule of food reinforcement. Three rats, food‐deprived, were trained on a DRL 16 sec schedule of food reinforcement. Then, a concurrent schedule of food reinforcement was introduced on a second (mediating) lever, such that the first response to occur on the mediating lever, after the DRL interval had timed out, was reinforced with food, as was the next response to occur on the DRL lever. Reinforcement via the mediating lever became a discriminative stimulus for a food‐reinforcement opportunity on the DRL lever. Next, food reinforcement for the mediating behavior was replaced by a conditioned reinforcer consisting of onset of a buzzer signaling timing‐out of the DRL interval. Under these conditions, chaining of behavior on the two levers was strong, and timing on the DRL lever was more accurate than under ordinary DRL conditions. As the DRL requirement was lengthened from 16 sec to 24 sec to 60 sec, mediating behavior weakened slightly. When the inter‐response requirement for food reinforcement on the DRL lever was made shorter than the inter‐response requirement for conditioned reinforcement on the mediating lever, the mediating behavior extinguished. Performance in the experiment was analyzed into a four‐component chain, and the factors contributing to the maintenance, and later extinction, of mediating behavior

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-39

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Goldfish trained in a shuttle box under conditions in which changing compartments postponed shock for 20 sec showed a substantial, negatively accelerated increase in rate of crossing. That the avoidance‐contingency was responsible for the change in behavior is suggested by the fact that no significant increase in rate of crossing appeared in control animals which were paired with the experimentals and shocked whenever the experimental animals were shocked; there is some evidence, indeed, that the control animals were handicapped in their subsequent adjustment to the avoidance condition. The introduction of a warning stimulus (light) in the last 5 sec of the response‐shock interval decreased the rate of crossing in the first 15 sec and increased the rate of crossing in the last 5 sec. Reducing the shock‐shock interval from 20 sec to 2.5 sec had no marked effect. The results are compared with those obtained in analogous experiments with higher an

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-47

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A pigeon's pecking at each of two or three simultaneously available red keys was reinforced at different frequencies with a conditioned reinforcer, an orange key, on which 25 pecks resulted in a presentation of grain. Pecking was occasionally punished with a period of no reinforcement during which each key was dark. Both with two and with three keys, the relative frequency of pecking on a key was equal to the relative frequency of reinforcement obtained by pecks on that key. Also, the absolute frequency of pecking on each key was a linear function with zero intercept of the absolute frequency of reinforcement associated with that key. The slope of this function varied with the number of available keys; it was steeper with two than with three. The relative frequency of switching from any key (two successive pecks on different keys) approximated a linear function with zero intercept and slope slightly greater than 1.0 of the total relative frequency of reinforcement associated with the keys to which the bird could switch. However, the relative frequency of switching to a particular key often showed systematic irregularities. The invariance in these data is the equality between the relative frequency of pecks on one of two or three keys and the relative frequency of reinforcement associated with that key.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-53

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-60

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A graphical method has been developed for the concurrent recording of heart beats and lever responses during behavioral experiments. The EKG signal fed into any DC amplifier goes to a fixed level trigger circuit and relay driver with its own power supply. The signal from this drives any standard cumulative recorder. Lever response rates are recorded concurrently on an additional cumulative recorder using the same paper speed.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-61

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To analyze bar‐holding behavior during escape conditioning three rats were trained to escape from shock by pressing a bar, and three were trained to escape by releasing a bar. Bar holding behavior was stronger and more stable under the release condition. These effects were related to the relative shock duration of onbar versus offbar shock

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1963.6-65

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY