摘要:

A variable‐interval schedule arranged food reinforcement for key pecking by pigeons on a single operandum at two rates, corresponding to two classes of reinforced interresponse times ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 sec and from 3.5 to 4.5 sec. The scheduled reinforcement rate for the higher component response rate was constant and equivalent to that of a variable‐interval 4‐min schedule. The scheduled reinforcement rate for the lower component response rate varied from zero to over 100 per hour. The number of occurrences of the constant component response rate varied inversely with the reinforcement rate for the variable component. This result, by definition a concurrent reinforcement interaction, or contrast, was the combined effect of two time‐allocation functions, which together determine mean response rate: the time allocated to both component rates as a function of the total reinforcement rate, and the time allocated to a particular component rate as a function of the percentage of reinforcements for that component. The present experiment reveals a further parallel between the controlling relations for free responding on a single operandum and those for choice between two operanda; in each case, a concurrent reinforcement interaction can be found that corresponds to m

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained on three‐key concurrent chain schedules in which the initial links were variable‐interval schedules and the terminal links were fixed‐interval schedules. In the first experiment, the initial links were all equal and the terminal‐link schedule on one key only was varied. In the second part of the experiment, the terminal‐link schedules were all fixed, but different, and the initial‐link schedule on one key was varied. Relative response rates in the initial links did not match either the relative arranged, nor the relative obtained, terminal‐link reinforcement rates. The relations between independent and dependent variables in three‐key concurrent chains were similar to, but not identical with, those found in two‐key chains comprising the sa

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-11

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experimental chambers were electrically connected so that the component selected by a pigeon confronting concurrent variable‐interval schedules in one chamber could be successively presented as a multiple schedule to a second pigeon in the other chamber. Component duration was regulated by the use of a changeover delay, the value of which was systematically varied between 0 and 30 sec. It was found that the relative local response rates on the preferred key (absolute response rate to that component divided by the sum of the absolute response rates during both components) tended to increase with increasing component durations for the birds in the concurrent chamber, but decreased for the birds in the multiple chamber. These data support the interpretation that there are fundamental differences in the mode of responding to multiple and concurrent schedules. Based on these findings, it was concluded that previous demonstrations of matching on multiple schedules do not establish that response allocation is controlled by a process equivalent to that found on choice paradigms. It now appears that matching on multiple (but not concurrent) schedules is a consequence of selecting short component durations. The implications of these data for Herrnstein's (1970) and Rachlin's (1973) formulations of the relationship between multiple and concurrent schedules are examine

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-21

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons' choice responses on either of two keys occasionally produced entry into a terminal link associated with that key. During the terminal links, responses produced access to grain according to mixed‐ or multiple‐interval schedules. The multiple schedules provided stimuli correlated with the interval of time preceding reinforcement whereas the mixed schedules did not. The two subjects reliably preferred the multiple schedules to the mixed schedules throughout a series of replications. Preference for the multiple schedule was much smaller than suggested by earlier work comparing multiple and mixed schedules that had much higher rates of entry into the terminal links. Preference for the multiple schedule was greatly increased in this study when the rate of entry into the terminal schedules was increased. As in previous studies, these high preferences may have been the result of a sharp increase in the number of reinforcements on the multiple (as opposed to the mixed) schedule. The reliable but smaller preferences for the multiple schedule found with lower rates of entry into the terminal links were unconfounded by differences in the number of reinforcements obtained in the two terminal li

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-31

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experiments investigated the effect of food‐tray illumination on pecking a lighted key that signalled food presentation. Pigeons key pecked less when both feeder and key stimuli preceded grain delivery than when the keylight alone signalled food. This detractive influence of grain‐tray illumination did not result after prior pairings of the keylight with food. The involvement of associative and physical variables in autoshaping the pigeon's key peck is considered in light of these findi

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-39

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The key pecking of pigeons was autoshaped to three key colors paired with food in discrete trials. Then, the effects of three different color‐correlated contingencies were compared: reward (presentation of food contingent on pecking), omission (presentation of food prevented by pecking), and extinction (no food). Two measures of performance were used: initial response (the number of trials with each color on which at least one peck was made) and multiple response (the total number of pecks per trial). In general, the reward color produced more pecking than the omission color, the omission color more than the extinction color, and the extinction color more than on blank trials with an unlighted key, although (relative to reward) omission produced a higher level of initial than of multiple responding. These results point clearly to the importance of stimulus‐reinforcer continguity in the control of peck

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-47

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three pigeons learned to match three colors in a matching‐to‐sample procedure. The sample hue was presented on the center one of three keys, and the comparison hues were presented on the side keys. Forty responses on the center key produced the stimuli on the side keys and left the sample on the center key. A single response on the correct side key produced 3‐sec access to grain, which was followed by a 25‐sec intertrial interval. A correction procedure was employed when an error was committed. Before attaining asymptotic levels, there was no evidence of learning, responses were independent of the preceding response, and distributions of errors in four‐trial blocks were binomial. Distributions of error runs, runs of various lengths, autocorrelations of errors of several lags, alternations of correct responses and errors,etc., were shown to fit Bower's (1961) all‐or‐none model better than a gradual learning model of Bush and Sternberg (1959). A transfer test employing a novel color showed only transitory degradation o

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-53

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An audit response allows access to an existing score from a subject's own performance (self audit) or from his coactor's performance (coactor audit). A previous study found that social stimuli (coactor present) increased audits relative to a non‐social (no coactor) condition. The increase, designated a social‐stimulus effect, was found to be due more to the coactor's score than to his mere presence. This finding suggested that the difference between self and coactor scores might affect the size of the social‐stimulus effect. In the present study, six pairs of human subjects matched‐to‐sample for points that were exchangeable for money. During a session, matching‐to‐sample problems were distributed so that a subject's score was ahead, behind, or about even with his coactor's score. The even condition produced the largest social‐stimulus effects,i.e., the most audits that could not be attributed to nonsocial variables such as time or number of problems. The even condition may have produced the largest social‐stimulus effects because it was the only condition where the major social reinforcer (being ahead) could be both present or absent and, consequently, the even condition was the only one where audits had a discriminative function with respect to the presence of the major

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-61

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained to key peck on several multiple schedules in which the first of two components was always a simple fixed‐interval schedule. The rate of responding at the beginning of the constant fixed‐interval schedule was found to decrease with increases in the rate of reinforcement associated with the other component of the multiple schedule, but remained unchanged with decreases in the rate of responding associated with the other component. These results were interpreted as being consistent with the view that the presence and magnitude of the temporal inhibitory effects observed in a given fixed‐interval schedule are a function of the properties of reinforcing stimuli, rather than of changes in the rate of responding associated with the time interval immediately preceding the fixed interval in que

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-73

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A reinforcement‐switching procedure was used to produce negatively reinforced key pecking in pigeons. First, key pecking on a chain schedule (fixed‐interval 10‐sec variable‐interval 60‐sec) was conditioned using grain reinforcement. Second, intermittent shock in the initial link was introduced at a low intensity and gradually increased. Third, food reinforcement in the terminal link was eliminated. With shock at 90 V occurring on the average every 3 sec, initial‐link pecking was maintained with no terminal‐link food. Three of four pigeons responded consistently at shock intensities of 90, 70, and 50 V but not at 30 V. A fourth pigeon responded at but not below 90 V. Rate of response was directly related to shock frequency. Eliminating food deprivation did not affect the negatively reinforce

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-83

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY