摘要:

Eight pigeons were initially trained to peck a white key for food under a variable‐interval 1‐min schedule of reinforcement. Then, a shock‐avoidance schedule was initiated and food was no longer available in the experimental situation. Under the avoidance schedule, each peck on the key postponed shock for 40 sec. A warning signal, consisting of tone and red houselights, was presented after 30 sec without a response. If no response occurred, a shock was delivered 10 sec after warning‐signal onset. Shocks were delivered every 10 sec in the presence of the warning signal until a response was made. The warning signal was terminated only by a response. Key pecking of all eight pigeons came under control of the avoidance schedule and responding continued throughout the 20‐day avoidance traini

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-251

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two severely retarded Down's‐syndrome boys learned a matching‐to‐sample performance through mediated transfer. The transfer paradigm involved three sets of stimuli, one auditory set (A) and two visual sets (B and C). The subjects were taught directly to do B‐A and C‐B matching, but experienced no direct association between C and A. They acquired the ability to do C‐A matching without having been taught that performance directly. They also learned indirectly to name some of the visual stimuli, but naming was apparently not the mediator in the emergent C‐A matching. The use of words and letters as stimuli highlighted the possible relevance of mediated associations in the indirect acquisition of elementary reading comprehension and oral reading. The acquisition of matching via mediated transfer also raised some new considerations concerning the role of coding responses in arbitrary match

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-261

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rats received food following lever‐press durations between t and t + t′ sec where t was 2, 4, or 8 sec and t′ was 0.25t, 0.50t, or 1.00t sec. Modal press durations were greater than t but less than t + t′ in all cases. Distributions of press durations were lower and broader for larger values of t. Lower t′/t ratios produced lower median press durations and relatively narrower press‐duration distributions. Median press duration was a power function of t within a t′/t ratio condition, corresponding to previous results for latency, interresponse time, and respo

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-275

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons received food only if they took longer than a specified time to begin and complete a fixed ratio. In Experiment 1, ratios with shorter durations had no stimulus consequence; in Experiment 2, these ratios ended with a stimulus change. In both studies, the mean time to complete the ratio exceeded requirements of less than 30 sec, approximately matched requirements of 30 sec, and fell progressively short of matching thereafter. Variability increased together with the means. The various effects resembled those of temporal differentiation experiments involving single responses. Although both number of ratios and time separating successive food presentations increased along with ratio duration, control experiments showed that differential reinforcement of duration, rather than either form or reinforcer intermittency, accounted for the performance. Experiment 2 also studied the effects of adding a stimulus that signalled when the required time had elapsed. The stimulus produced durations that matched even the most stringent requirements. This precision was not maintained when the stimulus was removed. Temporal differentiation schedules seem to have similar effects regardless of the response class and temporal property involved.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-285

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rats were exposed to a random sequence of reinforcement on two levers, such that there was no way to predict from the previous reinforcement which lever would deliver reinforcement next. The rats showed a tendency to repeat the choice that had just produced reinforcement, despite the absence of an overall contingency that differentially reinforced such repetition. However, this tendency decreased with continued exposure to the schedule. Runs of successive reinforcements on a lever increased the probability of pressing that lever, but only slightly, and only in the earlier phases of training. The more quickly a press was made after reinforcement the more likely it was to be on the lever that had delivered that reinforcement. Repetition of choice followed by reinforcement should be viewed as a naturally occurring behavior in the rat, but not necessarily as a behavior that will continue without differential reinforcement of repetition.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-301

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Groups of three rats were placed in a chamber containing one response lever and one water dispenser. A variety of schedule conditions were explored including fixed ratio, extinction, satiation, fixed interval, fixed time, differential reinforcement of low rates, and discrimination learning. Each group was treated as a single unit, with the collective lever responses emitted by the three rats being the main dependent variable. Group responding was found to be controlled by the reinforcement schedules in an orderly and consistent manner. However, the groups often paused less and responded faster than individual rats working under identical conditions.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-311

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The lever pressing of four food‐ and water‐deprived rats was reinforced on concurrent variable‐interval schedules. Food reinforced one response, and water reinforced the other. Response rates in baseline were higher in the food component than in the water component. After response patterns and body weights had stabilized, the animals were given access to either food only, water only, both food and water, or neither food nor water (baseline) before daily sessions. Giving food before a session decreased per cent time in the food component, decreased overall response rates for food, and increased overall response rates for water. Giving water before a session increased per cent time in the food component, increased overall response rates for food, and decreased overall response rates for water. Giving both food and water before a session resulted in a combination of prefeeding and prewatering effects. More food and more water were consumed when both were available than when only one was available before a se

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-323

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In Experiment I, pigeons exposed to a differential autoshaping procedure pecked a key in the presence of the stimulus associated with reinforcement but did not peck, or pecked infrequently, in the presence of the stimulus associated with nonreinforcement. In Experiment II, pigeons were exposed to a differential autoshaping procedure in which one stimulus was associated with reinforcement and two stimuli were associated with nonreinforcement. The birds initially responded in the presence of one stimulus associated with nonreinforcement but never responded in the presence of the second stimulus associated with nonreinforcement. They were subsequently exposed to an autoshaping procedure in which reinforcement followed both these stimuli. The number of stimulus‐reinforcement pairings required to establish pecking in the presence of the stimulus during which responses had not previously occurred suggested that such stimuli are inhibitory. These findings have implications for autoshaping, errorless discrimination, inhibition, and theories of discrimination byproduct

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-333

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were exposed to a schedule of stimulus‐correlated food presentations. When key pecks terminated trial signals and cancelled the delivery of food, pecking was either gradually or rapidly redirected away from the keys, depending on whether the food‐omission contingency was introduced from the outset or after exposure to a response‐independent baseline. In all cases, the food‐omission contingency substantially reduced or eliminated pecking at t

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-341

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The contribution of the response‐reinforcer dependency to the control of behavior was investigated. Pigeons were trained to key peck under a variable‐interval schedule of reinforcement. With the total number and temporal distribution of reinforcer deliveries in experimental sessions constant, the effects of varying the percentage of response‐independent reinforcement were examined. At different times, 100%, 66%, 33%, 10%, or 0% of the scheduled reinforcers were delivered dependent upon key pecking and the remainder were delivered independently of responding. Response rates were related to the percentage of response‐dependent reinforcement with lower response rates associated with smaller percentages of response‐dependent reinforcement. The results suggest that the response‐reinforcer relation exerts control over behavior in a manner similar to that exerted by other parameters of re

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1974.22-357

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY