摘要:

The learning efficiency of an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin was evaluated using auditory discrimination learning‐set tasks. Efficiency, as measured by the probability of a correct response on Trial 2 of a new discrete‐trial, two‐choice auditory discrimination problem, reached levels comparable to those attained by advanced species of nonhuman primates. Runs of errorless problems in some cases rivaled those reported for individual rhesus monkeys in visual discrimination learning‐set tasks. This level of stimulus control of responses to new auditory discriminanda was attained through (a) the development of a sequential within‐trial method for presentation of a pair of auditory discriminanda; (b) the extensive use of fading methods to train initial discriminations, followed by the fade‐out of the use of fading; (c) the development of listening behavior through control of the animal's responses during projection of the auditory discriminanda; and (d) the use of highly discriminable auditory stimuli, by applying results of a parametric evaluation of discriminability of selected acoustic variables. Learning efficiency was tested using a cueing method on Trial 1 of each new discrimination, to allow the animal to identify the positive stimulus before its response. Efficiency was also tested with the more common blind baiting method, in which the Trial 1 response was reinforced on only a random half of the problems. Efficiency was high for both methods. The overall results were generally in keeping with exceptations of learning capacity based on the large size and high degree of cortical complexity of the brain of the bottlen

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-379

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two pigeons that were previously exposed to a multiple schedule of reinforcement in the presence of a stuffed and a live pigeon, and two of three naive pigeons, responded on a mirror during exposure to multiple fixed‐ratio, fixed‐ratio schedules of reinforcement for key pecking. Both the topography and temporal pattern of mirror responding were comparable to schedule‐induced “attack” on live and stuffed targets. Rate of target responding was reduced when either the mirror was covered with paper or when the multiple schedule was removed. A reversal in the relationship between reinforcement schedules and discriminative stimuli demonstrated that mirror responding was controlled by the stimulus correlated with the higher fixed‐ratio schedule. With one component of the multiple schedule held constant at fixed ratio 25 and the ratio requirement of the other component varying from 25 to 150, there was an inverted U‐shaped relationship between rate of mirror responding and fixed‐ratio schedule in the varied component. As in Flory's study (1969b) there was an inverted U‐shaped relationship between target responding and inter‐food intervals. The combined results of these studies suggest that the relationship between rate of target responding and reinforcement schedules is controlled primarily by the inter‐food intervals resulti

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-395

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Human subjects, mostly between 11 and 16 yr old, matched to sample for points that were exchangeable for money. An audit response was defined as a response maintained by allowing a subject access to an existing score on his own (self audit) or a coactor's (coactor audit) performance. In Experiment I, changes from non‐social procedures (no coactor) to social procedures (coactor present) increased self and coactor audits. Since both types of audits occurred at about the same rates during cooperation and parallel work procedures, the increases did not depend on the subjects' response interactions. Although Experiment I did not demonstrate that subjects were comparing scores, the frequent occurrence of each kind of audit within a brief time period (interpersonal audit) did indicate that it was reinforcing to have both scores at the same time. These interpersonal audits suggested that the coactor's score increased self audits during social procedures. Experiment II supported this notion: relative to a non‐social procedure, self audits increased more during a parallel work procedure when the coactor's score was accessible than when it was not accessible. Thus, increases in other behaviors that occur in the presence of a coactor,i.e., social facilitation, may also result from or be increased by providing a coactor's sc

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-409

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Children responded on a single operandum to produce marbles or candy within a two‐component multiple schedule and then were allowed to choose which component was in effect. Experiment I examined the effects of exchanging marbles after sessions for subject‐selected or experimenter‐selected candy. Rate of response to the single operandum was not affected. However, when the subjects could switch components, they spent the majority of time and responded at somewhat higher rates in a component where marbles were exchangable for subject‐selected candy. Experiment II examined the effects of eliminating the immediate marble consequence for responses. Rate of response to the single operandum was not affected. However, when subjects could switch components they spent more time in a component where immediate marble consequences were available for responses, than where no immediate marble consequences were av

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-425

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons' responses on either of two concurrently available keys each associated with variable‐interval 60‐sec schedules occasionally changed the schedule on that key to a terminal‐link interval schedule providing access to gain while the other key became inoperative. Experiment I compared simple fixed‐ and mixed‐interval schedules in the terminal links, and showed that for all subjects and schedules the distribution of responses during the concurrent initial links was accurately described by the relative inverse delay of reinforcement squared. Experiment II extended the generality of this formulation to a situation in which rate of reinforcement was constant and delay alone w

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-437

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Frequency and magnitude of reinforcement were varied in concurrent variable‐interval variable‐interval schedules of reinforcement. The relative response rate to the two stimuli did not support the notion that choice approximately matches relative total access to food (the product of frequency and magnitude of reinforcement in one schedule divided by the sum of products of frequency and magnitude in both schedules). Relative response rates matched relative reinforcement value when that measure was adjusted to give more emphasis to reinforcement frequency than to reinforcement durat

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-451

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rats responded on a multiple fixed‐interval fixed‐interval schedule of reinforcement. Each complete cycle of the multiple schedule was separated from the next by a relatively long period of timeout from all schedule contingencies. A response at the end of the second component of each cycle was always reinforced with an invariant reinforcement magnitude, while reinforcement magnitude and reinforcement omission were systematically varied in the first component. Response rate in the first component was a monotonic function of reinforcement magnitude in that component. These changes in response rate in the first component did not affect response rate in the second component. When reinforcement was omitted on 50% of occasions in the first component, following reinforcement there was a reduction in response rate in the second component that was monotonically related to reinforcement magnitude. Following reinforcement omission there was an increase in response rate in the second component that was unrelated to reinforcement magnitude. When reinforcement was omitted on 100% of occasions in the first component, behavioral contrast was obser

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-459

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two parameters for scheduling aversive stimulus presentations were studied systematically by specifying concurrent and independent probabilities of electric shock delivery for the occurrence and for the non‐occurrence of a lever‐press response. After preliminary training on a free‐operant shock‐avoidance schedule, 16 rhesus monkeys were divided into four groups, each group being assigned one shock distribution on a continuum from fixed interval to a widely ranging variable interval. Within groups, each subject was successively exposed to three values of response‐dependence of shock delivery on a continuum from response‐independent shock to complete dependence of shock on response occurrence (“punishment”). Introduction of shock following avoidance training produced initial response facilitation followed by suppression. Responding during both the facilitation and suppression periods was maximal when the shock schedule was periodic and response independent. Responding decreased as the inter‐shock intervals were made more variable across groups, and as shock delivery was made increasingly response dependent within in

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-469

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Shock intensities (1 to 4 mA) and shock durations (0.3 to 0.75 sec) were concurrently varied over a range commonly used in free‐operant avoidance studies using a lever‐press response. Response rates were a positive linear function of the log of the product of intensity times duration. Shock rates were a negative linear function of that log. The increase in response rates was primarily due to a selective increase in the conditional probability of making responses with long interresponse times. The disproportionality of receiving shocks early in the session (warm‐up) was also a linear function of the log of the intensity‐duration product, with increasing disproportionality as the value of the intensity‐duration product was increased. Thus, with all measures of the avoidance performance, shock intensity and shock duration combine in a multiplicative fashion to determine the avoidance pe

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-481

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three pigeons pecked for food in an experiment in which reinforcements were arranged for responses terminating sequences of interresponse times. Each reinforced interresponse time belonged to a class extending either from 1.0 to 2.0 sec (class A) or from 3.0 to 4.5 sec (class B). Reinforcements were arranged by a single variable‐interval schedule and a random device that assigned each reinforcement to one of four sequences of two successive interresponse times: AA, AB, BA, or BB. Throughout the experiment, half of the reinforcements were delivered for interresponse times in class A and half for those in class B. Over conditions, the interresponse time preceding a reinforced interresponse time always, half of the time, or never, belonged to class A. The duration of the interresponse time preceding a reinforced one had a pronounced effect on response patterning. It also had a pronounced effect on the overall response probability, which was highest, intermediate, and lowest, when the interresponse time preceding a reinforced interresponse time always, half of the time, or never, belonged to class A, respectively. In no case were successive interresponse times independent, so that overall response probability was not representative of momentary response probabilitie

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.19-491

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY