摘要:

Five pigeons were trained to perform a discrimination task allowing variability of reinforced response patterning. The task consisted of moving a stimulus light within an 4 × 4 matrix of lights from the top left position to the bottom right position by pecking on two keys in succession in order to obtain a reinforcement. A peck on one key moved the light one position to the right and a peck on the other key moved it one position down. After preliminary training on alternating fixed‐ratio 3 schedules of reinforcement, the birds could peck on either key in any order, but more than three responses on a key resulted in a blackout followed by the return of the stimulus light to the start position. Results indicate that initially the birds used a wide variety of response patterns to obtain reinforcement, but with continued practice, response patterns became more stereotyp

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-1

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three pigeons were trained in an upright conditioning chamber to peck a key transilluminated by a vertical line. This training was followed by a line orientation generalization test. During the test, the chamber was tilted laterally 22.5 degrees from upright. The chamber floor remained horizontal with respect to gravity. Under these conditions, the subjects responded more often in the presence of a visually vertical (parallel to chamber walls) line orientation than in the presence of a gravitationally vertical line orientation. Subsequent reinforcement of pecking in the presence of a line that was always gravitationally vertical but not always visually vertical temporarily abolished this “visual field dependency” and resulted in generalization gradients with peak responding in the presence of the gravitationally vertical line orientation. The results are discussed in terms of selective attention to the gravitational and visual components of line orientat

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-7

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-16

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three pigeons were exposed to a series of procedures in which periods of response‐independent food presentation, on a variable‐time schedule, alternated with periods in which food was never presented. The stimuli that signalled periods of food availability or nonavailability varied from one procedure to the next, and were sometimes key colors, sometimes tones, and sometimes compounds of both. Key pecking was initiated and maintained when key color was a signal for food; key pecking was not initiated when a tone was the signal for food. However, control of key pecking that was already established could be transferred from key color to tone, and subsequently, initiated by the tone. It is suggested that for pigeons, pre‐experimental relationships exist among food, visual stimuli, and pecking, and that a similar relationship, which includes auditory stimuli, must be induced in the labor

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-17

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained to discriminate a slow click‐rate from its absence, or to discriminate it from a faster click‐rate. Subsequent click‐rate generalization tests produced the usual steepened gradients after the intradimensional discrimination but produced flat gradients after presence/absence discrimination. The occurrence of stimulus control only after intradimensional discrimination, combined with previous results showing stimulus control sometimes after nondifferential reinforcement and sometimes after presence/absence discrimination, argues for a reformulation of the problem of stimulus control. A theoretical framework, relying upon blocking effects inherent in the different discrimination procedures, was presented to account for the diversity of re

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-23

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-28

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Five pigeons were exposed to multiple and concurrent variable‐interval, variable‐interval reinforcement schedules in which reinforcement availability in one component was never signalled. During certain phases of the experiment, reinforcement availability in the other component was signalled. Behavioral contrast was observed in seven of eight instances when reinforcement availability in the multiple schedules was signalled. Under the concurrent schedules in which reinforcement availability was signalled, the subjects did not always allocate more time to (prefer) the component containing non‐signalled reinforcement, as would be predicted by an account of behavioral contrast holding that contrast results from the introduction of a less‐preferred condition in one component of a multiple s

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-29

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Six rats were trained on a two‐component multiple schedule with each component consisting of a two‐link chain schedule. Differential response suppression in the two initial links, as well as in the two terminal links of the chain schedules, was used as a measure of the relative aversiveness of stimulus events in the two terminal links. When signalled and unsignalled shock‐punishment (in addition to equal numbers of food reinforcers) were scheduled in the separate terminal links, subjects responded at lower rates in the initial link preceding unsignalled shock‐punishment than in the initial link preceding signalled shock‐punishment. Similarly, subjects responded at lower rates in the terminal link containing unsignalled shock‐punishment than in the terminal link containing signalled shock‐punishment. Reversing the terminal‐link positions of signalled and unsignalled shock‐punishment led to a reversal of the differential response suppression in the two initial and the two terminal links of the chain schedules. These results indicate that signalled punishment is relatively less aversive than unsignalled punishment and support an “information hypothesis”, which assumes that a condition in which information is provided about the onset of environmental events, even negative events such as shock punishment, is more reinforcing than a condition in which such

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-37

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Unsignalled, inescapable shocks were presented to four albino rats in Experiment 1. By pressing a lever subjects could change the condition to signalled shock for 3‐min periods after which unsignalled shock was automatically reinstated. All subjects changed from unsignalled to signalled shock when shock density was the same or when the density of signalled shock was two times greater than unsignalled shock. When the density of signalled shock was four times that of unsignalled shock, three subjects changed to the higher density schedule. One subject changed to a density of signalled shock eight times that of unsignalled shock. The second study showed that the two shock schedules most similar in Experiment 1 were discriminably different because subjects chose lower over higher shock densities when both densities were unsignalled. An analysis stressing safe (signal absent) and unsafe (signal present) periods was discusse

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-47

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In Experiment 1, rats' responses were reinforced on a fixed‐interval 30‐sec schedule in the presence of either a light or a tone and were not reinforced in their absence. Each stimulus was correlated with its own response lever, with only one lever present during a session. When light and tone were compounded in the presence of the tone‐correlated lever, no change in responding occurred. However, when tone was compounded with light in the presence of the light‐correlated lever, level of responding was greater than to light alone (response summation). Summation was also found when each stimulus was correlated with the same lever. Next, light and tone were again correlated with separate levers, but both levers were always simultaneously present. Compounding produced both summation and emission of most responses on the light‐correlated lever. This prepotency of light was reduced (1) by leaving a houselight on throughout the session; and (2) by correlating each stimulus with a different schedule (either fixed‐interval 4.7‐sec or fixed‐interval 30‐sec). With a medium‐ and high‐intensity houselight and with the different reinforcement schedules, similar results were obtained during compounding, regardless of whether compounding occurred in the presence of the light‐ o

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1973.20-57

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY