摘要:

In Experiment 1, three pigeons were trained to obtain grain by depressing one foot treadle in the presence of a 746‐Hertz tone stimulus and by depressing a second foot treadle in the presence of a red light stimulus. Intertrial stimuli included white light and the absence of tone. The latencies to respond on auditory element trials were as fast, or faster, than on visual element trials, but pigeons always responded on the visual treadle when presented with a compound stimulus composed of the auditory and visual elements. In Experiment 2, pigeons were trained on the auditory‐visual discrimination task using as trial stimuli increases in the intensity of auditory or visual intertrial stimuli. Again, pigeons showed visual dominance on subsequent compound stimulus test trials. In Experiment 3, on compound test trials, the onset of the visual stimulus was delayed relative to the onset of the auditory stimulus. Visual treadle responses generally occurred with delay intervals of less than 500 milliseconds, and auditory treadle responses generally occurred with delay intervals of greater than 500 milliseconds. The results are discussed in terms of Posner, Nissen, and Klein's (1976) theory of visual dominance in hum

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1978.30-129

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three Java monkeys received food pellets that were assigned by both ascending and descending series of fixed‐time schedules whose values varied between 8 and 256 seconds. The draught size dispensed by a concurrently available water‐delivery tube was systematically varied between 1.0 and 0.3 milliliter per lick at various fixed‐time values during the second and third series determinations. Session water intake was bitonically related to the interpellet interval and was determined by the interaction of (1) the probability of initiating a drinking bout, which fell off at the highest interpellet intervals and, (2) the size of the bout, which increased directly with increases in interpellet interval. Variations in draught size had little effect on total session intakes, but reduced bout size at draught sizes of 0.5 milliliter and below. Thus, a volume‐regulation process of schedule‐induced drinking operated generally at the session‐intake level, but was limited to higher draught sizes at the

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1978.30-139

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A successive matching‐to‐sample procedure that entails the sequential presentation of sample and test stimuli and the monitoring of response rates in a go/no‐go discrimination of matching and nonmatching stimuli was studied as an alternative to the familiar delayed‐matching paradigm of animal short‐term memory. Three within‐subject experiments studied the effects of sample duration (1 to 12 seconds), intertriai interval (5 to 50 seconds), and retention interval (1 to 50 seconds) on the pigeon's successive‐matching performance. The results revealed that retention was (a) an increasing function of sample duration and intertrial interval, and (b) a decreasing function of retention interval. These results were in accord with those of more traditional short‐term memory paradigms, and reveal the suitability of the successive‐matching procedure for studying

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1978.30-153

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

After extensive pretraining, three pigeons were exposed in 2‐second trials to a random series of 14 light wavelengths, ranging in one nanometer (nm) steps from 575 nanometers to 589 nanometers. Responses to one of the wavelengths, 582 nanometers, were intermittently reinforced. The relative frequency of response approached 1.0 at 582 nanometers, and decreased with progressively higher and lower wavelengths. Reaction times shorter than about 0.2 second occurred with a low frequency that was largely independent of wavelength. Wavelength controlled the frequency of longer reaction times, but did not affect the distribution of these reaction times. Consequently, receiver‐operating characteristic curves constructed by using reaction time as a rating measure did not conform to the signal‐detection model, in contrast to such conformity when response rate is used in a similar way. The data suggest that stimulus onset as such triggers early response emission with some small probability; the probability of responses with longer latency is controlled by wavelength, but their time of emission is controlled by some independent pr

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1978.30-163

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three pigeons responded on several tandem variable‐interval fixed‐time schedules in which the value of the fixed‐time component was varied to assess the effects of different unsignalled delays of reinforcement. Actual (obtained) delays between the last key peck in an interval and reinforcement were consistently shorter than the nominal (programmed) delay. When nominal delays were relatively short, response rates were higher during the delay condition than during the corresponding nondelay condition. At longer nominal delay intervals, response rates decreased monotonically with increasing delays. The results were consistent with those obtained from delay‐of‐reinforcement procedures that impose either a stimulus change (signal) or a no‐response requirement during the del

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1978.30-169

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pigeons were trained on a matching‐to‐sample or oddity‐from‐sample task with shapes (circle and plus). Half of each group was exposed to “negative instance” trialsi.e., for matching birds, neither comparison key matched the sample, and for oddity birds both comparison keys matched the sample. When all birds were transferred to a new task involving colors (red and green), nonshifted birds (transferred from matching to matching, or oddity to oddity) performed significantly better than shifted birds (transferred from matching to oddity, or oddity to matching), but only if they had experienced negative instances of the training concept. When all birds were exposed to negative instances of the transfer task and then transferred to a new color task (yellow and blue), dramatic transfer effects were observed. The effect of pre‐exposure to the yellow and blue colors, in order to reduce transfer‐stimulus novelty, had a minor eff

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1978.30-177

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of pentobarbital andd‐amphetamine were assessed on key pecking by pigeons under conventional single‐key multiple schedules and under two‐key multiple schedules in which discriminative stimuli appeared on one key (stimulus key) while pecks on a second key (constant key) produced food. Pecks on the stimulus key had no scheduled consequences. A 60‐second variable‐interval schedule operated in one component of each multiple schedule; either extinction or a 60‐second variable‐time schedule operated in the alternate component. When the alternate‐component schedule was extinction, a high rate of responding was maintained in the variable‐interval component of the single‐key schedule; responding on both keys was maintained in the variable‐interval component of the two‐key schedule. Pentobarbital increased responding in the variable‐interval component of the single‐key schedule and increased stimulus‐key, but not constant‐key responding in that component of the two‐key schedule. When the alternate‐component schedule was changed to variable time, responding declined in the variable‐interval component of the single‐key schedule; stimulus‐key responding was no longer maintained under the two‐key schedule. Pentobarbital decreased responding in the variable‐interval component of both schedules. With an exception,d‐amphetamine only decreased responding in the variable‐interval component of the single‐ and two‐key schedules both when the alternate‐component schedule was extinction and when it was variable time. The results suggest that the effects of pentobarbital, but notd‐amphetamine, depend on the nature of the contingency (stimulus

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1978.30-187

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The key‐peck response of five pigeons was reinforced on a schedule whenever the interval between pecks at two response keys was between 1.0 and 2.33 seconds in the presence of a 2,500‐Hertz tone or between 4.66 and 6.0 seconds in the presence of a 1250‐Hertz tone. There was no tendency for responses of intermediate duration to occur when test tones of intermediate frequency were presented. This result clarifies a previous finding using a similar procedure but with a visual intensity stimulus dime

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1978.30-197

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In Experiment I, six preschool‐aged children were given matching‐to‐sample training with two figures in which they were required to choose one of two comparison stimuli that was identical in shape to the standard stimulus. Following this training, they were given intermittent test trials in which a novel stimulus figure was substituted for the previously correct comparison stimulus. Five of the six subjects consistently chose the substituted stimulus during test trials. Experiment II replicated the findings of Experiment I with three other preschool‐aged children. Experiment II also provided controls for the possibility that the subjects of Experiment I were selecting the substituted stimulus because of its novelty. The investigators concluded that eight of the nine subjects were exhibiting the type of control described by Berryman, Cumming, Cohen, and Johnson (1965) as S‐delta r

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1978.30-205

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Male and female college students answered standard questions about the women's liberation movement on three occasions. A set of target words was embedded in the questions, with one set used in Sessions 1 and 3, and a synonymous, but different set used in Session 2. The relative frequencies of usage of a given target word were directly related to whether the questions for that session contained the word. The results supported the hypothesis of echoics as proposed in Skinner's theory of verbal behavior.

ISSN:0022-5002    

DOI:10.1901/jeab.1978.30-213

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY