摘要:

Summary.1) By means of Pursuit meter apparatus the influence of anoxia on eye hand co‐ordination has been investigated.2) At pressure‐altitudes of 6,000 m and above an appreciable deterioration of co‐ordination

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00369.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The effects of the higher body temperature on performances in swimming have been investigated. The experiments showed that:1) A given distance could be swum in a shorter time when the organism was warmed previously.2) Both – active warming by preliminary work and passive warming by hot baths, radio diathermy and turkish baths – had the same beneficial effect.3) The increased rectal,i. e.blood temperature, before swimming seemed to be more essential for improved results than the increased muscle temperature.4) The duration of the influence of warming was at least 60–80 minutes.5) It is quite probable that the beneficial effect of higher body temperature is due to the increase in the veloci

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00370.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The “melting point” of fats generally means the upper limit of the temperature range through which the melting of the fat takes place, or, when determined according to empirical methods, a point very near this.When the melting point of human fats were determined according to the common methods the results were not reproducible.Therefore the melting process was investigated by following the changes during the melting process in some samples of human fat. It was found that the difficulties in the determinations on human fats were due to the characteristic that even several degrees below the real clear point only a very small fraction of solids is present. A fat ase. g.coconut oil has 3 per cent solids at 0.3° C beiow the upper limit of the melting range. In a human fat the solid fraction of 3 per cent was present at 6° C below the upper limit of the melting range. This means that the viscosity of this fat is low, even at a considerable distance below the “clear point”. Therefore the empirical “constants” which are characterized by a certain low viscosity of the sample, viz. the softening point, the slipping point etc. are found far from the clear point and varying much with small variations in the external conditions.When a sample of human fat to be used for melting point determination solidifies at 0° C heterogeneous crystals separate, which can produce large errors in the observed melting point. To avoid this the sample must be rapidly cooled down to an extremely low temperature (–70° C). In this way the fat solidifies as a microcrystalline mass which makes possible a relatively exact observation of the clear point. It was, by comparing with the dilatometric method, demonstrated that the clear point determined according to the author's procedure is really identical with the thermodynamically fixed upper limit of the melting range.The tendency of the fats to form unstable modifications with low melting points is discussed. Further it is demonstrated that srom a thermodynamical point of view the melting point and the folidifying po

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00371.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Melting point in human fats varied between 41° C and 0.5°C. The largest variations in the individual person was about 30° C.The melting point of visceral fat was 30° C–35° C. In the more peripheric parts the melting points were lower. At the foot melting points of from 0° C–10° C were often found, in 11 out of 15 persons the melting point was below 10° C.Measurements of the temperatures at men's feet show that low temperatures often occur. Since HENRIQUES experimentally demonstrated the connection between temperature and the melting point in subcutaneous fat, it can be supposed that the temperature at men's feet influence the melting point of the fat.One single person was examined in whom the results were widely different from the others. He was a sea stoker, exposed to high temperatures in his daily work, and all the melting points observed in this man were ext

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00372.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.A severe loss of blood produces a great reduction in the width of the abdominal vena cava.Likewise shock caused by squeezing the intestines is followed by a great diminution in the calibre of the abdominal cava.In both cases the width reduction was produced by an active constriction.The constriction was evidently not caused by a carotid sinus reflex.

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00373.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The volume variations of the big central vessels (vena cava and aorta) and the heart were studied in animal experiments employing a roentgen method.This central vascular area showed considerable width variations after severe hemorrhage and ether intoxication. The vena cava reactions could not be explained as being of an entirely passive nature.There are reasons for ascribing a real blood depot function to the heart and the big vessels.

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00374.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.A micromodification of the salicylaldehyde method for total acetone determination in small blood samples is described. Total acetone quantities of about 1 γ in the sample may be determined with great accuracy

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00375.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Zusammenfassung.1 Auf dem Gebiete des Gesichtes haben BLOCH, CHARPENTIER, v. KRIES und PIÉRON gezeigt, dass in den Reizausdrücken, die der phänomenalen absoluten Empfindungsschwelle entsprechen, das Produkt der Reizgrössen Lichtintensität L (welche eine Grösse von der Dimension einer Leistung ist) und Zeitdauer t eine Konstante ist: L ‐ t = E1, wobei E1die konstante Energie des Minimalreizes bedeutet. Die Regel gilt genau bis zu Zeitdauern von 100 bis 120 s̀.2 Eine der obigen Relation ähnliche Beziehung in betreff der Reizgrössen. Lichtintensität L und Flächengrösse f hat ASHER gefunden. Entsprechend der phänomenalen absoluten Empfindungs‐schwelle gilt die Beziehung L ‐ f = L1, wobei L1eine konstante Grösse bezeichnet, die von der physikalischen Dimension einer Leistung ist. Diese Beziehung gilt nur für Flächen, die kleineren Knotenpunktswinkeln als etwa 2′ entsprechen.3 Wir untersuchten erneut die gegenseitige Abhängigkeit der Reizgrössen Intensität und Zeit bzw. Fläche entsprechend derabsolutensowie einigerüberschwelligerEmpfindungsstellen. Besonders wurde bei unserer Untersuchungden Grenzender Gültigkeit der Regeln Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt.4 DasErgebnisder Versuche betreffs der Reizgrössen Lichtintensität und Zeitdauer bestätigte die Gültigkeit der Produktenregel L ‐ t = E1entsprechend der absoluten Empfindungsschwelle, bis zu Reizzeitdauern von 100 s̀. BeiüberschwelligenEmpfindungen gilt entsprechend den Schwellen mit den Ordnungszahlen 2.8, 5.34 und 8.43 näherungsweise auch eine Produktenregel: L‐t = En, wobei Endie der n‐ten Schwelle entsprechende Reizenergie bedeutet. Die Zeitgrenze des Geltens dieser Regeln ist etwa 40 s̀.5 Es wurden Versuche angestellt, um zu erfahren bis zu welcher Zeitdauer der Reize die Lichtempfindungenphänomenal als momentanempfunden werden. An der absoluten Empfindungs‐schwelle erstreckt sich dieses Gebiet bis zu Zeitdauern von 120 s̀, bei den überschwelligen Empfindungen bis zu 20–30 s̀. Bei allen Schwellen scheinen also die oberen zeitlichen Grenzen einerseits der Gültigkeit der Produktenregeln und andererseits von der phänomenalen Momentanität, ungefähr an derselben Zeit‐Stelle zu liegen.6 Das Ergebnis der Untersuchung der Abhängigkeit der Reizgrössen Intensität und Flächengrösse war eine Bestätigung des ASHER'schen Befundes vom Gelten der Produktenregel L ‐ f = Konstante, entsprechend derabsoluten Empfindungsschwelleund bis zu Flächengrössen die einem Knotenpunktswinkel von 2–3′ entsprechen. An den untersuchten überschwelligen Stellen mit den Ordnungszahlen 2.8 und 5.34 gelten analoge Produktenregeln und auch hier bis zu einer Flächengrösse von derselben Grösse.7 TONNER bezeichnet als Empfindungsfläche die Grösse derjenigen Fläche, die der phänomenalen Punktualität entspricht. Sie entspricht bei optimalen Unterscheidungsverhältnissen einem Knotenpunktswinkel von 72–73″. Unsere Bestimmung der Grenze der Gültigkeit der Produktenregel der Fläche ergab als Obergrenze eine einem Knotenpunktswinkel von 2–3′ entsprechende Fläche. Da die Empfindungsfläche mit sinkender Lichtintensität grösser wird und da unsere Versuche mit kleineren Lichtintensitäten als diejenigen der Bestimmung der optimalen Empfindungsfläche ausgeführt sind, dürfte die Produktenregel nur dann gelten, wenn es sich um in räumlicher Beziehungphänomenal punktuelleErlebnisse handelt.8 Die Zusammenfassung der beiden Produktenregeln, die allgemeine Einschränkungsrelation L ‐ f ‐ t = Konstante, welche genau nur dann gilt, wenn es sich, um phänomenal inallenBeziehungen minimale Erlebnisse handelt, gibt an, dass die das Erlebnis begrifflich wiedergebenden Reizgrössen der Lichtintensität, der Flächengrösse und der Zeit einander gemäss der Produktenregellineareinschränken. Auf die Bedeutung dieses phänomenal‐funktionellen Ausdrucks betreffs d

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00376.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The regulation of the respiration has been studied in different kinds of muscular exercise, in which the muscles are working under partly anaerobic conditions, viz.: heavy work with the legs, work with the arms and work in light CO‐poisoning.It is shown that a close relationship between the degree of anaerobiosis – as indicated by the concentration of the blood lactates – and a relatively high lung ventilation exists.It is further shown that when the muscles are working under partly anaerobic conditions (increased blood lactate concentration) oxygen breathing lowers the concentration of the blood lactates, and the ventilation, and that the lowering is proportional to the percentage of the oxygen in the inspired air. In rest and during light work (no increased blood lactate concentration) the breathing of oxygen on the other hand tends to produce a slight increase in ventilation and a decrease in alveolar pCO2.The effect of oxygen breathing on the ventilation during partly anaerobic work is not due to a decrease in acidity (see page 180) of the arterial blood or to the elimination of a previously existing arterial unsaturation.It is made probable, that the different effect of oxygen breathing in light and heavy work is due to the circumstance that oxygen breathing acts on the respiration in two different ways, viz. activating on the respiratory centre itself, and depressing on the activity of the chemoreceptors. It is assumed that in rest and during light work in which the activity of the chemoreceptors is only slight the activating effect on the respiratory centre over balances the depressing effect on the chemoreceptors, whereas in heavy work because of an increased chemoreceptor activity the depressing effect of high oxygen tension is able to overbalance considerably the effect on the respiratory centre.The results from the present experiments are best explained by the assumption that in heavy work or other kinds of work in which the muscles are working under partly anaerobic conditions a substance is produced which increases the ventilation reflexly through the chemoreceptors. The effect of oxygen breathing in heavy work then is 1. to decrease the production of this substance and 2. to depress the effect of this substance on the chemoreceptors.An identification of the active substance has not been attempted in this paper, but it is shown that it is not the lactic acid and that it has properties allowing it to appear in and disappear from the blood stream much more rapidly than does lactic acid.On the basis of these and earlier investigations the control of respiration during muscular work can be explained in the following way (see page 185–186):In light workthe increase in ventilation is brought about mainly by reflexes from the working limbs.In heavy work(here defined as work in which the blood lactate concentration is increased – in this subject corresponding to oxygen uptakes above 1–1.5 1/min.) the further increase in ventilation is due mainly to an increasing production of the above mentioned active substance to which the arterial chemoreceptors are assumed to b

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00377.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The development of dietary gizzard ulcers in chicks is decreased by the omission of cod liver oil from the diet or by the incorporation of methyl arachidomate or methyl esters of the highly unsaturated fatty acids from phosphatides of beef adrenals in the diet. Incorporation of methyl esters from the highly unsaturated fatty acids from a fish oil such as Menhaden oil increases the tendency to ulceration.

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1946.tb00378.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1946

数据来源: WILEY