摘要:

The gastrin concentration in plasma and duodenal tissue was determined in dogs following antrectomy and total gastrectomy as well as in unoperated control animals. The first week after both types of operations, during which time the dogs were parenterally fed the basal plasma gastrin concentration was markedly reduced, and then it slightly increased. The increase in plasma gastrin concentration from the second postoperative week until sacrifice was found to be statistically significant in one of six antrectomized dogs and in two of three dogs in which the whole stomach had been resected. In unoperated controls the gastrin concentration in the proximal third of the duodenum was found to be 6.8±0.8 pmol/g tissue wet weight (mean value ± SE,n=11). Following antrectomy a time dependent increase was seen, the corresponding values being 11.0±2.5 (n=4), 36.4±15.7 (n=6) and 136.1±44.2 (n=6) pmol/g at 3, 9–10 and 14–16 weeks after operation, respectively. A similar increase was seen following total gastrectomy. 8 weeks after this type of operation the concentration was 22.2±12.5 (n=3) pmol/g. The gastrin concentration of the middle and distal thirds of the duodenum was not changed by the operations. The results show that removal of the main source of gastrin, i. e. the pyloric antrum, induces an increase in the tissue level of gastrin in the upper portion of the

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07118.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Various phenothiazines (thioridazine, trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine) and dibenzazepines (lofepramine, amitriptyline and desipramine) were studied for effects on fast axonal transport (AXT) in vitro in frog sciatic nerves. AXT, measured as the accumulation of (3H) leucine‐labelled proteins in front of a ligature, was inhibited by more then 50% by all the drugs tested at 0.2 mM concentrations. Thioridazine and lofepramine were the most potent inhibitors. These effects were not due to decreased ganglionic incorporation. Some of the drugs also reduced the levels of high energy phosphates, adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) and creatinephosphate (CrP), but not to an extent which is likely to explain the arrested AXT. The polymerization of purified brain tubulin was inhibited by the phenothiazines but unaffected by the dibenzazepines at concentrations which inhibited AXT. Phenothiazines and dibenzazepines are chemically related and known to have a high affinity for calmodulin. The possibility that these drugs interefere with calmodulin regulated processes of importance for AXT will be discusse

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07119.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The membrane fluidity of synaptosomes, isolated from rat brain and spin‐labelled with doxyl derivatives of stearic acid, was studied using electron spin resonance techniques. Prostaglandin E1fluidized while dopamine ordered both the surface and intermediate lipid layers of the synaptosome membranes. At corresponding concentrations these substances have been shown to modulate synaptic transmission. A possible thermal phase transition of the membrane lipid bilayer was observed at about 35°C (the abrupt change in the Arrhenius plot). Dopamine abolished this thermal change. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP had no significant membrane effec

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07120.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and often also humans genetically predisposed to hypertension, exhibit cardiovascular hyperreactivity to alerting stimuli, which derives from limbic‐hypothalamic levels and seems important for inducing primary hypertension. It is further known that the limbic amygdala complex normally reinforces emotionally induced defence reactions. The amygdala were therefore bilaterally destroyed in 6 week old SHR, and compared with sham‐operated SHR concerning development of hypertension, cardiovascular reactivity to environmental stimuli and explorative behaviour. When related to controls, the arterial pressure elevation was significantly attenuated in the amygdala‐lesioned SHR, though their pressure was nevertheless raised 40% at 6 months of age. Concerning cardiovascular responsiveness to mild environmental stimuli the groups did not differ; neither concerning explorative behaviour nor in general motor activity. However, the amygdala‐lesioned SHR responded decidedly less than controls to stressful, fear‐inducing stimuli. The amygdala complex may therefore play an important role in aggravating SHR hypertension by reinforcing defence reactions to stressful influences, when such stimuli are at hand. However, according to the present study the amygdala nuclei are not the origin of the centrally determined cardiovascular hyperreactivity, which in SHR seems decisive for inducing hyp

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07121.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effect on basal gastric acid secretion in the cod of a mixture of L‐amino acids (AA) was studied. Acid secretion was measured during a 5 h treatment period when the AA was administered intestinally, i. m. or i. v., and plasma α‐amino nitrogen following the treatment period. Acid secretion was inhibited, the depression related to the plasma level of AA but unrelated to the administration route. It is suggested that acid secretion is inhibited by absorbed AA acting from the blood side, without involvement of an intestinal mecha

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07122.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The number of gastrin‐immunoreactive cells in the duodenum was assessed by immunohis‐tochemistry in 10 dogs that had been subjected to antrectomy with gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I), in 4 dogs in which an antrectomy with gastrojejunostomy (Billroth II) had been performed and in 4 unoperated controls. Gastrin‐immunoreactive cells were found only in dogs that had been subjected to antrectomy ad modum Billroth I and then only within the first 30 mm of the duodenum, i. e. in the duodenal bulb. The gastrin cells occurred scattered on the villi, in the crypts and within the glands of Brunner. In 3 of the dogs patches of antral‐type mucosa occurred within the first 10 mm of the duodenum. All dogs in which gastrin‐immunoreactive cells were found have in a previous study been shown to have a markedly increased tissue concentration of gastrin in the proximal third of the duodenum compared to unoperated controls. In the dogs subjected to antrectomy ad modum Billroth II in which no cells were observed the level of gastrin in duodenal tissue has been found to be moderately elevated compared to that of control dogs. The results indicate that the increased gastrin concentration in the proximal third of the duodenum following antrectomy ad modum Billroth I corresponds to an increase in the number of gastrin‐immunoreactive cells in the du

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07123.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The gastrin concentration in the proximal third of the duodenum was found to be increased in dogs following antrectomy with gastrojejunostomy. The level found 13–15 weeks after operation was, using a COOH‐terminal directed antiserum, 27.8±4.5 pmol/g tissue wet weight (mean value ± SE, n=5), which is approximately 4 times higher than the concentration found in the same tissue of unoperated dogs. In the middle and distal thirds of the duodenum the gastrin concentrations were 6.1±0.6 and 5.2±0.2 pmol/g (n=5), respectively. These values are not significantly different from those of the corresponding tissues of unoperated dogs. The gastrin concentration was also determined in different parts of the jejunum. In specimens taken close to the gastrojejunostomy, the gastrin level was 1.9±0.2 pmol/g,‐which was not significantly different from that in more proximal (3.0±0.3) or distal (1.7±0.2) parts of the jejunum in the same animals. Basal plasma gastrin concentration as measured with the same COOH‐terminal directed antiserum, was reduced after surgery to 35% (mean value) of the preoperative level and remained low throughout the postoperative period. In contrast to this, using an antiserum directed against the NH2‐terminal portion of gastrin‐17, the plasma gastrin concentration was found to be decreased to 70% 1–2 days after antrectomy and then to increase again and remain at approximately the preoperative level. The plasma gastrin concentrations measured with this antiserum, were consistently much higher than those measured with the COOH‐terminal directed antiserum. In a previous study we have shown that the gastrin concentration in the proximal third of the canine duodenum is increased 20‐fold at 14–16 weeks after antrectomy with gastroduodenostomy. In the present study it is shown that there is a less prominent increase after antrectomy with gastrojejunostomy. These results indicate that the presence of food and gastric juice in the duodenum might be of importance for the increase in duodena

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07124.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The concentration of ionized calcium [Ca++] was reproducibly determined in human seminal plasma with a calcium sensitive electrode (Orion Space Stat 20). Dilution of the seminal plasma gave a linear decrease in free calcium concentration. Freezing and thawning or storage of the seminal plasma under anaerobic conditions did not influence the level of ionized calcium. Storage under aerobic conditions gave a temperature dependent decrease in CA++which parallelled a spontaneous increase in pH. The mean concentration of ionized calcium (measured after a standardized air exposition) was 0.17 mM±0.05 (SD) (range 0.09–0.29 mM). The Ca++level was not correlated to the total calcium concentration or to markers for prostatic (zinc) or seminal vesicular (fructose) secretions. There were, however, more motile spermatozoa in semen samples with an ionized calcium level less than the average (0.17 mM) than in semen samples with a higher Ca++level (53.8%±8.4, N=17 vs 45.0%±12.8, N=15, respectively, p<0.05). The percentage live spermatozoa was also higher (62.4%± 10.4, N=17 vs 50.7%± 14.2, N=15, p<0.01) in the semen samples with a low [Ca++]. Spermatozoa in the low [Ca++] group did also exhibit a better progressive motility than spermatozoa in the high [Ca++] group (p<0.05). It is suggested that the low level of ionized calcium in seminal plasma is of importance for motility of human spermatozoa and that the transfere of spermatozoa from a high Ca++in the epididymis to the low levels in accessory sex glands secretion might be of significans for activation of spermatozoa upon ejacu

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07125.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this pharmacological study was to further characterize 4 related substance P (SP) analogues, namely (D‐Pro2, D‐Phe7, D‐Trp9)‐SP (I), (D‐Pro2, D‐Trp7.9)‐SP (II), (D‐Arg1, D‐Pro2, D‐Phe7, D‐Trp9)‐SP (III) and (D‐Arg1, D‐Pro2, D‐Trp7.9)‐SP (IV). At a concentration of 10‐4M they were found to have little or no smooth muscle‐contracting effect on the guinea‐pig ileum, analogues I and II having substantially less agonist activity than III and IV. Pretreatment with the analogues inhibited the contractile responses to SP, but not to histamine or acetylcholine. Of the 4 analogues, II was found to be the most potent SP antagonist. The contractile responses to physalaemin and eledoisin were also inhibited by analogue II. The concentration‐response curves for SP were shifted in parallel to higher concentrations in the presence of the analogues. The pA2‐values derived from Schild plots were 4.61 for (I), 5.43 for (II), 4.69 for (III) and 5.11 for (IV). Except for (I) the slopes of the regression lines of the Schild plots were close to unity. The data are consistent with simple competitive antagonism over the concentration ranges investigated. Without being secretagogues per se, the analogues inhibited SP‐stimulated salivary secretion in the rat. Physalaemin‐stimulated secretion was inhibited by analogue II. The inhibitory effect of sequences with D‐Arg1instead of L‐Arg1seemed to be of longer duration. Not one of these analogues blocked the blood pressure‐lowering effect of SP, which indicates the existence of more than one type of SP receptor. This study has shown that 4 related SP analogues specifically inhibit the actions of SP and structurally related peptides physalaemin and eledoisin, both in vitro and in vivo. Analogues II‐IV seem to inhibit in a simple competitive manner. (D‐Pro2, D

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07126.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Hemorrhage is associated with absorption of extravascular fluid from skeletal muscle to blood in order to compensate for the loss of intravascular volume. Our previous studies have shown that this fluid gain is mainly linked to β‐adrenergic microvascular adjustments leading to decrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure and to precapillary ‘sphincter’ mediated increase in the capillary surface area available for fluid exchange. In the present study the importance of β‐adrenergic control of plasma volume in bleeding was confirmed by measurement of changes in plasma volume after graded hemorrhage in animals with intact and blocked vascular β2‐adrenoceptors (i. v. administration of the ‘selective’β2‐blocking agent ICI 118, 551). With intact β2‐adrenoceptors plasma volume was gradually restored after bleeding so that about 50% of the shed plasma volume (about 35% of the shed blood volume) had been compensated for at two hours after exsanguination of 20% as well as 40% of the blood volume. The corresponding figures in animals with blocked β2‐adrenoceptors were only 14% of the shed plasma volume and 8% of the shed blood volume at b

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07127.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY