摘要:

Summary.The sublingual gland of the cat has been found to give normal amounts of saliva in response to acetylcholine or stimulation of the chorda when perfused at 20° C with a saline containing physiological amounts of sodium and potassium and chloride and with chloride as the only anion. On intracellular recording normal secretory potentials are found over the outer membrane with activation.After replacement of chloride by nitrate in the perfusion fluid the amount of saliva in response to acetylcholine drops to 10–25 per cent of normal and the secretory potential over the outer gland cell membrane is greatly reduced. On readmission of chloride, secretion and the secretory potentials recover promptly. With partial substitution of chloride by nitrate, secretion is about 50 per cent at 10 per cent chloride and virtually normal at 50 per cent chloride.It is concluded i) that the decrease of secretion and secretory potential in the nitrate‐perfused gland is due to the lack of chloride ion in the external medium of the cells; ii) that normal secretion of salt and water is largely caused by an active transport of chloride over the outer gland cell membrane.Of other anions tested with regard to their capacity to maintain secretion bromide was found to substitute fully for chloride and iodide and thiocyanate in about the same degree as nitrate. The possibility is discussed that the activated outer membrane has a limited ability for transport of these latter ions.On perfusion with potassium‐free saline, secretion is greatly reduced. This finding is discussed in the light of the fact that in other tissues the transport of sodium and potassium is

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1957.tb01480.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1957

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Zusammenfassung.Nach Helladaptation findet man im menschlichen ERG bei intermittierender Belichtung neben einer komplexen On‐Antwort, die dem Einzelreiz‐ERG von congenital Nachtblinden entspricht, einen doppelten positiven Off‐Effekt. “On” und “Off” weisen spiegelbildliches Verhalten auf. Die Abhangigkeit des Off‐Effektes vom Adaptationszustand und von der Lichtintensität wird untersucht, und das Zustandekommen seiner doppelten Konfigur

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1957.tb01481.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1957

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ZusammenfassungAn 61 neurologisch‐psychiatrischen Patienten wurden Gehirndurchblutung und cerebrale Kreislaufzeit unmittelbar nacheinander gemessen. Der Mittelwert der (kürzesten) Kreislanfzeit war 5.7 ± 0.2 sec.Es bestand keine signifikante Korrelation zwischen Gehirndurchblutung und linearer Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Blntes, ausgedrückt durch den inversen Wert der Kreislaufzeit.Die Einatmung von 5 % CO2erhöhte die Lineargeschwindigkeit signifikant. Wahrend der CO2‐Atmung bestand eine starke positive Korrelation zwischen Durchblutung und Lineargeschwi

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1957.tb01482.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1957

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Experiments on the oxygeu consumption of chopped submaxillary glands in vitro are reported.1Secretagogue drugs increased the oxygen consumption of normal glandular tissue.2Adrenaline or noradrenaline increased the oxygen consumption less than pilocarpine or acetylcholine. Pilocarpine was almost as effective as dinitrophenol.3Previous parasympathetic denervation decreased and sometimes abolished the effect of secretory drugs on oxygen consumption.4Prolonged treatment with pilocarpine prevented the disappearance of these effects after parasympathetic denervation.5Prolonged treatment with an atropine‐like drug induced changes essentially similar to parasympathetic denervation.6Previous excision of the superior cervical ganglion or addition of cocaine increased the effect of secretory drugs on oxygen consumption in vitro. Ganglionectomy, but not cocaine, increased the maximal effect obtainabl

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1957.tb01483.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1957

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1The influence of electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves and the thoracic sympathetic chain as well as the central and peripheral parts of the cat vagi upon the cortical blood flow and the EEG has been investigated in unanesthetized (encéphale isolé) and lightly anaesthetized cats, sensitive to arousing stimuli.2It has been confirmed that stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves gives a cerebral vasoconstriction which, according to the method used, may reduce the blood flow by 10–20%. In lightly anaesthetized preparations section of the same nerves gave a significant reduction of the cerebral vascular resistance (increase of flow of up to 25 %). Stimulation of the thoracic sympathetic chain did not give rise to a more pronounced cortical vasoconstriction than did cervical stimulation.3In preparations with intact sinus nerves cervical sympathetic stimulation was accompanied by a slight decrease of blood pressure (Palme1943). Blood pressure alterations were less pronounced after section of the sinus nerves. Vagal stimulation gave a decrease of the blood pressure and a proportional decrease of the cortical blood flow.4In the large majority of cases, maximal sympathetic vasoconstriction was not followed by any change of the EEG. Some observations indicate, however, that when the cerebral blood flow was critically low, a small further decrease due to sympathetic vasoconstriction influenced the EEG.5The sympathetic vasomotor innervation of cerebral vessels probably plays a subordinate role for the circulatory adjustments in the brain during changes in its state of excitabil

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1957.tb01484.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1957

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Five species of tropical mammals and three species of high soaring birds in Panama have been subjected to various air temperatures and their heat production was determined by the carbon dioxide production. The mouse and the squirrel were good thermoregulators with a critical temperature of about 27° C, whereas the opossum, armadillo and three‐toed sloth were bad regulators. The birds have relatively low critical temperatures, about 24° (vultures) and 20° C (frigate‐bird), which may reflect their habit of soaring in cool air at high altitudes. At sub‐critical temperatures the metabolism in both mammals and birds increased with decreasing temperatures, more or less closely approaching Newton's law of cooling.The resting metabolic rates in mouse, squirrel and opossum were in accordance with the standard mouse to elephant curve. Mammals of the suborder Xenarthra (anteater, sloth, armadillo) and the three bird species had a relatively low metabo

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1957.tb01485.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1957

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1The fibrinogen concentration has been estimated to 0.28, 0.30, 0.56 g per 100 ml in dog, horse, and ox plasma respectively.2The different reactivities to thrombin of various plasma species have been confirmed. The reactivity decreased in the following order: dog, human, ox, and horse plasma.3The difference in reactivity of the plasmas was least at optimal pH, and increased with increasing pH.4The addition of optimal amounts of calcium did not significantly alter the proportional differences among the plasmas.5When bovine thrombin was used, the quantitative differences in reactivity were as follows: dog 125, human 100, ox 93, and horse 65 per cent.6Purified fibrinogens from the same species showed the same reactivity pattern as plasmas, but dog fibrinogen showed a proportionally greater activity than dog plasma.7Thrombin was found to be species specific. Except in human plasma and in human fibrinogen, dog thrombin was more active than the homologous thrombins. With this exception, the thrombins preferred the homologous plasma or fibrinogen.8The thrombin specificity was especially pronounced with dog thrombin. A dog thrombin estimated to be 1 T. U. in human plasma or fibrinogen amounted to 2.2 and 4.1 T. U. as estimated on the corresponding dog materials.9On the basis of these findings the author recommends that the use of thrombin units be replaced by clotting times under standardized conditions in scientific work.

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1957.tb01486.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1957

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Spirometric investigations of the respiratory gaseous exchange during resting, not basal, conditions and the recovery after a 70 yard sprint are reported.It is shown that around 10 minutes after connection with the spirometer fairly constant values for oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output were obtained. These resting values were regained shortly after the exercise. The time used for elimination of excess carbon dioxide was longer and more constant, and showed greater interindividual differences than the time required for covering the oxygen debt.Well trained subjects with good results in track competitions showed the shortest recovery times. Trained subjects with fair to poor results had recovery times overlapping the recovery times of untrained subjects in good physical condition.

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1957.tb01487.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1957

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.An apparatus is described for direct, exact determination of the blood flow in large arteries of anesthetized animals. It permits direct recording on the kymograph curve of the blood flow per time unit (0.5 ‐ 2 sec

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1957.tb01488.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1957

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Cortical cells within the tongue projection area were studied with extracellular microelectrode recording technique.Thirty‐six cortical cells responded to cooling of the tongue; 12 of these cells responded to cooling only whereas 24 cells were discharged also by other physiological stimuli mainly by touch or pressure applied to the tongue.Four different patterns of “cold cell” discharge is described.The latency, duration and frequency of the cortical “cold cell” response was observed to be dependent on the intensity of the cooling of the tongue.Cells responding with short latency (15 ‐ 20 msec.) to cooling were found within the group of cortical cells responding to cooling only. In the group of cells discharged by cooling as well as by other stimuli the response to cooling showed a long latency (abou

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1957.tb01489.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1957

数据来源: WILEY