摘要:

AbstractIn hemolysates of human red blood cells there is a rapid exchange of phosphate groups between inorganic phosphate and the terminal phosphate group of adenosine triphosphate. The exchange is dependent upon the phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase and the phosphoglyceryl kinase reactions since phosphoglyceraldehyde, 3‐phosphoglycerate and DPN are essential for the exchange reaction. The implication of this finding is that studies of the incorporation of inorganic labelled phosphate into different compounds of the erythrocyte cannot in general be used to draw conclusions about the glucose metabolism of red cell

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02593.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn acute experiments on cats gastric motor responses were recorded during vagal stimulation with a constant frequency but with different values of impulse duration and voltage. With very low values cardiac responses only were obtained. With higher values pure excitatory motor effects of the stomach were elicited, but when the values were increased above a certain point a gradual depression of the response was observed. After atropine, the gastric motor responses were abolished, and pure relaxation was the result of stimulations which previously had given rise to partially depressed excitatory responses. It is suggested that two groups of efferent fibres, influencing gastric motility are present in the vagus nerve. According to the strength‐duration diagram both fibre groups are of smaller caliber than the cardioinhibitory fibres, the inhibitory fibres being the thinnest ones. The excitatory fibres appear to be cholinergic, whereas the inhibitory effect seems to be mediated by some other transmitter substanc

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02594.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe basal content of pyridine nucleotides, and the synthesis of the coenzymes induced by parenteral injection of nicotinamide, have been investigated in the rat liver, when exposed to the action of insulin, adrenaline and ACTH. The basal content has been investigated after injection of insulin, or adrenaline, and in alloxan diabetic rats. The significance of the rather small variations in the basal content is discussed. In the induced synthesis of DPN the injection of insulin, or ACTH, has been found to interfere with this process, giving a decrease in the elevated content of DPN. The hormone action has been related to the mechanism of increased turnover of the DPN molecule. The administration of ethionine likewise decreased the elevated level of DPN. The significance of a regulatory influence of hormones on the induced synthesis of DPN has been discussed.

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02595.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe ATP dependent binding of Na+ions by microsomes isolated from rat brain is described. Data are presented on the stability of the bound sodium under various conditions. The precipitation of the microsomes at the end of the incubation with strong salt solutions stabilizes the bound sodium. The lowest blank values are obtained with NaCl as precipitating agent, probably due to the isotope dilution effect. The precipitation with I M NaCl is adopted as the standard procedure. The binding of sodium is dependent on the concentrations of ATP and of Na+ions; it is specific for ATP, as other nucleotides do not promote binding. The binding is inhibited by 5 mM calcium. During the conditions of incubation sodium is bound reversibly, and an exchange can therefore be observed. In this exchange reaction, the release of sodium from the particles appears to be inhibited by 10‐5M ouabain.It is concluded that similarities between the described Na+binding system on one hand and active transport and the microsomal Na+dependent ATPase on the other hand make it permissible to assume that the binding of sodium may represent part of a mechanism for the active transport of ion

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02596.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe peripheral areas of innervation have been determined for those special neurons in the stellate ganglion, which resemble histochemically established cholinergic nerve cells (i. e., type I‐cells). The approach employed is based on the fact that axotomized ganglion cells lose most of their AcChE and identity in stained sections. A series of axotomies on different postganglionic rami showed that the stellate ganglion is composed of different zones with highly varying amounts of type I‐cells. Practically all of the type I‐cells send their axons via the vertebral nerve and the 1st thoracic grey ramus to innervate the fore limb; whereas their axons seem to be absent from the cardiac nerves. High AcChE activity is found in the nerve terminals around the eccrine sweat glands of the paw and in some of the axons running in the postganglionic rami to the fore limb. Finally a direct correspondence has been demonstrated between the number of type I‐cells in certain zones of the ganglion and the sweat secretory responses on the paw. The results support the hypothesis that the type I‐cells in the stellate ganglion of the cat are cholinergic and innervate the eccrine swe

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02597.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRecent studies have indicated that AcChE‐rich or type I‐cells in the stellate ganglion of the cat give rise to cholinergic sweat secretory fibres rather than vasodilator fibres. The purpose of the present investigation was to prove this hypothesis. Type I‐neurons were found in significant amounts exclusively in those lumbo‐sacral ganglia that innervate the eccrine sweat glands of the hind paw. The 7th lumbar ganglion always contained the highest proportion (10.8 %), whereas the other ganglia possessed lower amounts,viz. S1, 7.7 %; L6, 3.5 %; and S2 1.9 %. Occasional type I‐cells were demonstrated in L5 but practically none in other Jumbo‐sacral ganglia. The sweat secretory responses on the hind paw were always proportional to the number of type I‐cells in the stimulated ganglia. The vasodilator responses evoked from ganglia crcmded with type I‐cells and from those lacking such cells were on the other hand approximately equivalent. The results form the basis for the conclusion that the type I‐cells in the stellate ganglion and in the ganglia between L6 and S2 are identical with cholinergic sweat

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02598.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA method is described whereby total exchangeable sodium and potassium in the rat is simultaneously determined by the use of istope dilution techniques. These measurements have been combined with the determination of the total and exchangeable concentrations of sodium and potassium in bone, made possible by a new procedure employing cation exchange resin for isolation of the bone electrolytes. Series of normal 100 g rats, 200 g rats and 300 g rats were examined. The results for the total body content of sodium and potassium obtained in these animals agreed with published data from total body ashing procedures. Total bone sodium concentration increased with age, whereas the concentration of the exchangeable fraction was rather constant in the three groups. The exchangeability of the bone sodium was 71 per cent in the 100 g rats and 56 and 50 per cent in the 200 and 300 g rats. Bone potassium concentration was highest in the 100 g rats; the exchangeability of this ion in bone was 80 per cent in this group and close to 100 per cent in the two other groups. The complete set of figures is given in Table III.

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02599.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRats were examined according to a previously described technique Norman1963) permitting the simultaneous measurement of total exchangeable sodium and potassium in their body as well as the total and exchangeable concentration of sodium and potassium in their skeleton. The effect of various combinations of sodium depletion, potassium depletion, sodium loading, acidosis and alkalosis was studied. Simple sodium depletion caused a loss of 10 per cent of body sodium, 90 per cent of the loss was accounted for by shrinkage of the extracellular fluid volume. When acidosis was induced in addition, sodium was given off from the exchangeable bone sodium fraction. Potassium depletion caused a picture similar to that of starvation. The potassium depleted rats had a greatly reduced ability to handle a metabolic alkalosis. The participation of bone sodium and potassium in the metabolism of the rats was smaller than found by others. The mean difference from maximum storage of sodium in alkalosis, to maximum depletion in acidosis, corresponded to 10 per cent of the total bone sodium concentration. Bone potassium concentration showed great constancy, with no parallel to the variations in bone sodium.

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02600.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExperiments were performed on the effect of sodium loading and sodium depletion in adrenalectomized rats. These treatments were combined with injections of cortisone, desoxycorticosterone acetate and 2‐methyl‐9‐α‐fluorohydrocortisone in unoperated as well as adrenalectomized animals. In the moribund stage after adrenalectomy, when total body exchangeable sodium was reduced by more than 25 per cent, only 6 per cent of the Iost sodium was derived from bone. The effect of the cortical compounds was found to be entirely dependent on, and varying with, the particular state of the test animal, its electrolyte intake, the length of time on the diet regime, and whether it was adrenalectomized or not. Only slight contributions from the bone to the total body pool of sodium and potassium were noted in these experiments with the cortical compounds. Profound changes were, however, produced in the relationship between the exchangeable and inexchangeable fraction of the bone sodium by these compounds in combination with sodium loading of the animals. The observations are discussed in relation to present day concepts of the mechanism of sodium binding in bone, and a possible connection to the pathology of collagen disease is poi

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aim of the present work was to study to what extent the difference between the total body hematocrit and the hematocrit of the blood in the large vessels is caused by a low hematocrit in the splanchnic area.131I‐labelled albumin and51Cr‐labelled red cells were injected into an antecubital vein and samples were drawn simultaneously from the femoral artery and a hepatic vein. The plasma and red cell volumes of the body and the body hematocrit were determined from the activity injected and the calculated initial concentrations. The splanchnic hematocrit was calculated from the arterio‐hepatic venous activity differences. The hepatic plasma flow was determined by the bromsulfalein method for calculation of the splanchnic plasma and red cell volumes. In 10 normal subjects the splanchnic hematocrit was not significantly different from the body hematocrit. The difference between large vessel hematocrit and body or splanchnic hematocrit may be expressed as an amount of ‘extra’ plasma, which in the body on the average was 450 ml, and in the splanchnic area 105 ml. The results indicate that the ‘extra’ plasma is evenly distributed throughout the smaller vessels in the body, or that a substantial amount of ‘extra’ plasma exists in some parts of the body, no

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1963.tb02602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1963

数据来源: WILEY