摘要:

Summary.The variations found in determining the basal metabolisms are so considerable both as between different individuals and in the same individual on different occasions that it often involves considerable labour to show statistically the effects of drugs or other factors on the metabolism.In order to diminish the labour involved in such attempts, the author indicates a procedure in which, after setting out from determination of the total metabolism of several animals taken together, a mean value for the individual animals is found by dividing the total metabolism by the number of animals. This will apparently reduce the variation. The advantages and drawbacks of this procedure are discussed.The effects of temperature, sex and weight on the oxygen consumption of guinea‐pigs were investigated in the way thus indicated. The oxygen consumption per sq. metre, as we found, increased by 9–15 % when the temperature fell from 32° C to 26° C, it being noted that the oxygen consumption of small animals increased relatively more than that of larger animals.If the body surface was estimated according to Vierordt's formula: body surface = K weight 2/3, the result indicated that males had a higher oxygen consumption per sq. metre than females; that at 26° C as well as at 32° the oxygen consumption per sq. metre diminished with increasing weight.If, however, the body surface was computed by experimentally found formulae, no difference between the relative oxygen consumption of males and females could be noted. Nor at 32° were there any statistically significant differences between the oxygen consumption/m2of animals at different weights. At thermo‐neutrality, therefore, the oxygen consumption/m2appears to be practically constant in guinea‐pigs weighing between 250 and

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1949.tb00619.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.Well isolated elements picked out by the micro‐electrode technique from the dark adapted retina of the cat have been stimulated with one or two wave‐lengths of a spectrum and the discharge of spikes counted at ‘on’ and ‘off’.In many isolated elements the log intensity—spike frequency curves have been shown to run a different course for different wave‐lengths. When this is so two wave‐lengths can be shown to elicit different relative frequencies at ‘on’ and ‘off’ within a large range of variation in the energy ratio of the two wave‐lengths. The pure on‐elements and a considerable number of on/off‐elements do not have these properties; wave‐lengths equated for equal visual purple activation at one energy level then remain equated at all intensity levels.When two wave‐lengths, whichcanbe differentiated by their relative spike frequencies at ‘on’ and ‘off’, are acting simultaneously on the same element it is generally found that either of the two is proponent and succeeds in maintaining its off/on‐ratio in the sum whilst the properties of the other one are suppressed.By making such comparisons in equal retinal visual purple units the contribution of visual purple stimulation can be kept constant for all wave‐lengths to be combined. By these means contributions from other types of receptors to the interaction patterns of two wave‐lengths can be distinguished.Several examples of interaction between the effects of two wave‐lengths upon the same element are given. They substantiate the conclusion that interaction can take place when one wavelength simultaneously stimulates two photochemical substances with ordinates overlapping the same spectral region.For the experiments support has been received from the Rocker‐felle

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1949.tb00620.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The effect of fourteen sympathomimetic amines has been studied on isolated strips of rabbit's intestine with special regard to their ability to antagonize the inhibition produced by adrenaline and l‐nor‐adrenaline as well as by electrical stimulation of the mesenteric nerves.For the sake of discussion the amines have been divided into three classes and each class described.The anti‐sympathetic property earlier reported for ephedrine and l‐N‐ethylephedrine has proven to be a rather common characteristin of the synipathoininietic amines. The only amines which did not have the anti‐sympathetic action were the dihydroxy‐phenyl substitutesi. e. adrenaline, arterenol, and aludrin (boehringer). The anti‐sympathetic action that was sometimes observed for adrenaline and aludrin has been ascribed to some derivatives formed during the ositlization of these compounds.d‐ and l‐forms of ephedrine and benzedrine have proven to be almost identical in their effects upon the intestine per se, as well as in respect to the anti‐sympathetic action. This has been considered as an argument against the allline oxidase theory.The anti‐sympathetic action of the sympathomimetic amines has Leen briefly discussed upon a chemical basis. The idea is propounded that the anti‐sympathetic action of these amines is an example of ph

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1949.tb00621.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1 The regeneration of motor or sensory fibres after cutting and suturing the sciatic nerve was examined histologically. By previous denervation one kind of fibre was eliminated in each set of operation. By obsenving the behaviour of both classes of regenerated fibres towards a sensory branch (suralis) with a confirmed normal composition morphological signs of an orientation mechanism can be studied without the injurious effect of a more direct esperimentation technique.2 The reappearance of the regenerated motor fibres in a normal group‐formation in the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve may be recognized at a comparable level.3 A normal fibre number, a uniform growth and an electro‐physiologically confirmed conductivity in the suralis nerve was obtained only when sensory fibres were available in the sciatic nerve. In two cats with a previous sensory denervation of the sciatic neive only a very limited number of small fibres in the suralis was in a late stage found. In an experiment with a shorter duration the number of fibres was somewhat larger. Consequently there must be an absorption of fibres which have grown into an unsuitable branch.4 There were no signs of an attractive effect combined with fibre degeneration dich was not followed by a regeneration of the same class of fibres.5 An abnormal growth of a number of what were probably motor fibres into the suralis was connected with the cutting and suturing of the sciatic nerve with a previous sensory denervation a few millimeters above the branching point of the suralis. It is probable that fibres which have made unsuitable connections are not always absorbed. Therefore also the idea of a central reorganization ma

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1949.tb00622.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.According to a method already described the total quantity of hemoglobin has been determined on 17 boys and 21 girls between the ages of 8 and 17, on 174 men between the ages of 18 and 57 and on 92 women between 17 and 70.In the case of the male material the total quantity of hemoglobin increased with age and broadly speaking with physical growth up to the age of 22. In the female material — as in the male —the quantity of hemoglobin increased up to the ages of 12 to 13, but after this, the increase was considerably less up to the age of 20, after which it remained constant.In the male material the quantity of hemoglobin showed a manifest increase in relation to the bodyweight during the years of puberty and up to the age of 22, but in the female material there was a relative decrease from the age of 12 to 20.The average quantity of henloglobin in the adult man was 1.16 % of the bodyweight and 0.86 % in the adult woman.Even previous to the years of puberty the sexes showed a difference concerning the total quantity of henioglobin in relation to the bodyweight but none in relation to age.The quantity of hemoglobin did not increase with the increase of weight after physical growth had ceased, at least as regards the female material.The quantity of hemoglobin showed good correlation with the height during the years of development, though there was only slight correlation in the case of men and women. As regards the surface area of the body the total quantity of hemoglobin showed only slightly better correlation than to the bodyweight in men and women. but it was less in children.Broadly speaking the blood volume showed the same variability as the total quantity of hemoglobin, except that the difference between the sexes, in adults, was about 10% lower as regards the blood volunie than it was concerning the quantity of hemoglobin.The size of the error which the niethod adopted has, in that part of the carbon inonoxide is bound estravascularly inter alia to the myoglobin is discussed and the total hemoglobin determinations of some chronic Cases of anemia are given as a further proof of the smallness of this error, which is reckoned as being from2to 3%.The significance of the seemingly hormonal effect on the hemoglobin production under and after puberty is also discussed.A grant has been received from the Therese and Johan Anderssons Foundation for these investigati

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1949.tb00623.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The administration of small amounts of a liver extract to young rats significantly increased the weight gain per g food eaten.

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1949.tb00624.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The effects ofl‐noradrenalin and crgotamine on the oxygen consumption have been studied in guinea‐pigs. The drugs had been supplied in the form of subcutaneous and intrainuscular injections, respectively.It was found that 20 γ/kgl‐noradrenalin raised the oxygen consumption to at most 116 per cent. of the basal value, but that the effect had ceased after 40 minutes; that 100 γ/kg caused a niaximal rise of the consumption to 125 per cent., and that the effect still persisted after the lapse of 70 minutes.The ratio between the dosages ofl‐noradrenalin andl‐adrenalin which have an equally marked effect on the oxygen consumption has been estimated at 5:1.It was found that ergotamine inhibited the effect ofl‐nor‐adrenalin on the oxygen consumption; but that a considerably larger dosage of ergotamine was requisite in order to inhibit the effect ofl‐noradrenalin than the corresponding dosage required in the case ofl‐adrenalin.The effect of ergotamine on the nietabolisni was found to vary with the dosage. Thus, 20 γ/kg had in the main a slightly stimulating effect: the oxygen consuniption rose on an average to 105.2 per cent. of the basal value 10–100 minutes after the injection; 800 γ/kg lowered the oxygen consumption to 96.1 % within the same time; 2 mg/kg at first lowered the oxygen consumption, but this was afterwards followed by a stimulative effect, the result being that the oxygen consumption rose to 140.3% in the course of 40–190 mi

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1949.tb00625.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The activity of some apodehydrogenases has been determined during the entire metamorphosis period of the flyCalliphora erythrocephalaMeig. by use of the methylene blue technique.The minimum in oxidative metabolism occurring during the metamorphosis is traced back to a similarly changed activity of the apodehydrogenases.The malic dehydrogenase occupies a central position in the oxidative metabolism.Reasons are put forward for the acceptance of a “tricarboxylic acid cycle” operating in the investigated ins

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1949.tb00626.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1 Esperiments carried out with low thrombin concentrations show that sera of different species under similar conditions inactivate different quantities of thrombin.2 The course of the thrombin inactivation by sera of 12 mammalian species, during the initial phase, is calculnted.3 Sera of horse, cattle, rabbit, sheep and goat absorb thrombin, and the fermentative inactivation has A constant velocity during the initial phase. Another group of sera (rat, mice, dog, guinea‐pig, pig, hedpehog) shows no absorption, the inactivation is more rapid. and the reaction velocity is not c

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1949.tb00627.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1949

数据来源: WILEY