摘要:

Summary.A simple method for computing results from experiments with indirect calorimetry is described.The formulae mentioned are not only applicable to the normal metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrate, but also when other substances, e. g. alcohol, are burned or when pathological final products appear in the urine. For practical use two nomograms are presented.

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1943.tb02822.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1943

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.A brief survey of the principles of electrolytic determinations of cations of alkali metals and of metals of the alkaline earths is given and a modification of the method of Adairand Keysfor microestimation of the sum of cations in unashed samples of biological fluids is presented.

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1943.tb02823.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1943

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.2). The prothrombin depressing effect of derivatives of coumarin and 3,3'‐methylene‐bis‐(4‐hydroxycoumarin) have been investigated in rabbits in order to find the pharmacologically active groups and if possible a watersoluble stable compound of the dicoumarin.1). Most of the substances tested were found active. The highest activity—combined with less toxicity—was excerted by 3,3'‐methylene‐bis‐(4‐hydroxycoumarin).3). Carboxymethylene‐bis‐(4‐hydroxycoumarin) was water‐soluble but of very little activity.4). The active groups in the dicoumarin are discussed. Introduction of certain radicales in the hydroxygroups as well as in the methylene bridge did not abolish the activity whereas this was the case when other radicales

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1943.tb02824.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1943

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1The viscosity of hyaluronic acid solutions is markedly reduced by ascorbic acid in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Cu++ highly increases this effect, which is on the other hand completely inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate, or cyanide. Catalase does not inhibite the action of ascorbic acid.2Dehydroascorbic acid obtained by oxidation of ascorbic acid with molecular oxygen + Cu++ has, under aerobic conditions, the same effect as ascorbic acid + Cu++.3The effect of ascorbic acid is also greatly increased by hydrogen peroxide, which itself although relatively slowly, reduces the viscosity of hyaluronic acid solutions. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide the ascorbic acid is also active anaerobically. The mechanism of the action of ascorbic acid is discussed.4A viscosity decreasing effect is brought about also by molecular oxygen (at + 100° C), potassium permanganate, and, in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, by hydroquinone, pyrogallol and cysteine + Cu++. The effect of oxygen is inhibited by diethyl‐dithiocarbamate and cyanide.5The products formed from hyaluronic acid during its oxidative breakdown are non‐reducing and dialysable. The decrease of the viscosity is accompanied by the disappearance of the double refraction of flow shown by the native hyaluronic acid solution.6The oxidative depolymerisation of hyaluronic acid is connected with the formation of titratable acid groups in an amount approximately corresponding to one carboxylic group for each disaccharide unit of glucuronic acid and N‐acetylglucosamine.7Determinations of glucosamine and glucuronic acid in the solution of the dissociated products suggest that the main reaction product might be a “disaccharide” of glucuronic acid and N‐acetylglucosaminic acid.8Chondroitin sulphuric acid is broken down in the same way as hyaluronic acid by ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The reaction is, however, slower and does not proceed as far as that of hyaluronic acid under the experimental conditions employed.9Heparin, starch and cellulose could be similarly broken down to some extent by a

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1943.tb02825.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1943

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1The adrenaline secretion following on local cold‐stimulation of the skin has been studied in the rabbit. As an indication of increased adrenaline secretion, the increase in width of a sympathetically denervated pupil, sensitized by cocaine, was employed.2In animals with intact innervation of the skin the adrenaline secretion showed an increase during the cold‐stimulation, even if body temperature was kept constant. This effect was not produced after previous section of the spinal cord or after lumbar anaesthesia.3In animals in which the innervation to the cold‐stimulated skin area had been cut off, no demonstrable increase in the adrenaline secretion appeared in response to the stimulation. The effect of the cold‐stimulation on the adrenaline secretion is thus reflex in kind.4Even a considerable fall in general body temperature did not in itself provoke any detectable reflex liberation of adr

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1943.tb02826.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1943

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.An investigation is made of the glucosidases of the small intestine and the duodenum of the pig. It is shown that both α‐and β‐glucosidase occur, and the pH‐activity curves of both enzymes are det

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1943.tb02827.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1943

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The effect of, acute but moderate CO‐poisoning (25–32 pCt HbCO in the blood) is studied on two normal men. It is found, that the relative cell volume of the blood as well as the plasma protein concentration are augmented after inhalation of CO, suggesting a leaking‐out of fluid from the vessels, presumably due to peripheral vasodilatations. An increased rate of filtration could not be detected in the lower extremity. The amount of glucose and lactic acid in the blood is unaffected by this degree of CO‐intoxication so long as the subject remains quiet. In moderate work the amount of lactic acid increases, whereas the blood sugar still remains normal. The tolerance for glucose is unaffected by this degree of CO‐poisoning. In one of the two subjects the intestine lost its ability to absorb large quantities of water, presumably due to a compensatory vasoconstriction in the intestine. An attempt to demonstrate the effect of a shift of blood from the central (thoracic) vessels to the periphery on the vital capacity of the lung

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1943.tb02828.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1943

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.1). By intravenous infusion of large amounts of hypertonic sulphate solution the diuresis of rabbits is brought up from the normal order of magnitude of about 0.1 ml per min. to values ranging from 10–15 ml excreted fluid per minute, that is to say, an augmentation to about 100–150 times the normal diuresis.The creatinine clearance is increased to about 2–3 times the normal, while the figures for the C. index of the urine drop from 100–200 to. about 2.2). If the creatinine clearance is accepted as a measure for the ultrafiltration in the glomeruli, calculations of the movement of the fluid in the kidneys in accordance with the filtration—reabsorption theory show that the enormous diuresis must occur as an augmentation of the glomerular filtration combined with a very marked reduction of the reabsorption of the fluid in the tubules, half to two‐thirds of the glomerular filtrate leaving the kidneys as urine under these circumstances.3). The histological picture of the kidney after sulphate diuresis shows an enormous dilatation of all the renal ducts, which explains how the immense amounts of fluid have been able to pass through these in the course of

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1943.tb02829.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1943

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1943.tb02830.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1943

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1943.tb02831.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1943

数据来源: WILEY