摘要:

ABSTRACTThe failure of public sector investment projects in Sub‐Saharan Africa can often be described in large measure as a technological one, where technology is defined not just in the narrow sense of alternative factor proportions, but in the wider terms of scale and import intensity as well. In confining itself mainly to the economic dimensions of the problem, the existing literature fails to consider the reasons for the extraordinarily rapid and widespread expansion of the public sector in Sub‐Saharan Africa and it hence ignores the possibility that this expansion might itself be related to the observed patterns of technological behaviour in the sector. Such a possibility, I suggest, resides in the political and institutional compulsions that drive industrial firms in the public sector to increase the size of their operati

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1996.tb00597.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTMany parts of the world are threatened with environmental damage and degradation, affecting both the natural resources and the economy of the area. This article analyses the factors affecting the likelihood of different environmental policy reforms in Latin America, with particular emphasis on: the strengths and weaknesses of different groups which promote such reforms; the degree to which the reforms are compatible with the region's current economic policies; and how the type of political regime affects these issues. It reaches the conclusion that, although there has been progress in recent years, the possibility of carrying out far‐reaching reforms which could substantially reduce pollution and resource depletion has been limited by: 1) the difficulties involved in linking environmental issues with concerns for social justice; 2) economic policies which promote the exploitation of natural resources and labour and weaken the public sector; and 3) the great influence over regional governments of groups with vested interests in continuing environmentally destructive activitie

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1996.tb00598.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTNGOs are linked to environmental objectives for good reason: non‐profit NGOs provide a flexible, private‐sector answer to the provision of international environmental public goods. The non‐profit sector can link for‐profit, non‐profit, and public‐sector objectives in complex contracts. This article examines how, for the case of the National Biodiversity Institute (INBio) in Costa Rica, such complex contracts with both domestic and international parties provide partial solutions to public goods problems in the absence of private property rights over genetic resources. INBio's ‘monopoly’ position, legitimized by the local government, brings in rents from genetic resources which are reinvested in the production

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1996.tb00599.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article addresses the relationship between democracy, equity and common property resource management in South Asia, both at the national and at the local level. Its substantive focus will be largely on forests, and its geographical concentration mostly on India, although other sectors (primarily water) and areas (Nepal and Bangladesh) will also be included. The article opens by looking at Garrett Hardin's (1968) three strategies to preserve the commons. It finds that democratic politics is compatible with both privatization and centralization as conserving strategies (although not necessarily successful). With the third approach—local control—democracy has at best a problematic relationship, for where governmental units are the relevant actors, there tends to be more interest in consuming than in conserving or preserving resources at the local level. Local user groups, however, do much better at common property resource management, because they can restrict membership and thus avoid free riders, and they can establish a close linkage in their members' minds between benefits and costs of participating in group discipline to maintain the resou

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1996.tb00600.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article argues that divergent images of community result not from inadequate knowledge or confusion of purpose, but from the location of discourse and action in the context of specific struggles and dilemmas. It supports the view that ‘struggles over resources’ are also ‘struggles over meaning’. It demonstrates the ways in which contests over the distribution of property are articulated in terms of competing representations of community at a range of levels and sites. It suggests that, through the exercise of ‘practical political economy’, particular representations of community can be used strategically to strengthen the property claims of potentially disadvantaged groups. In the policy arena, advocates for ‘community based resource management’ have represented communities as sites of consensus and sustain‐ability. Though idealized, such representations have provided a vocabulary with which to defend the rights of communitiesvis‐à‐visstates. Poor farmers, development planners, consultants and academics can also use representations of community strategically to achieve positive effects, or at least to mitigate negative ones. Most, but not all, of the illustrations in this article are drawn from Indonesia, with special referen

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1996.tb00601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWith redemocratization and the promulgation of the 1988 Constitution, Brazil became highly decentralized in terms of the distribution of financial revenue and political strength. As a result, sub‐national governments, and especially the states, are now at the centre of the political and financial scene. In the absence of party‐oriented politics, regional politicians, and particularly the state governors of the most important states, provide the federal government with ruling coalitions. The central question addressed in this article is what the state governments and their politicians are doing with this political and financial strength. A further point made is the importance of incorporating the states into the framework of analysis of decentralization: at the state level it is possible to identify a number of details about processes which remain too general at the national level and too specific at the local level. Brazil's experience in a decade of political and financial decentralization shows that although decentralization fosters democracy, a variety of other political and economic factors are also of influence, thus exposing the limits of decentralization's impact on policy resu

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1996.tb00602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study examines how economic diversification is changing a Tanzanian village under economic liberalization. More specifically, it asks how different wealth groups are able to incorporate income‐generating activities into their livelihood strategies. The conclusion is that while diversification (as a division of labour) is advanced at the village level, it appears that different activities enhance the division of the village into segregated cultural spheres and increase economic differentiation. At village level the diversity of income‐generating activities reduces any single line of economic dependency either on the state or on market act

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1996.tb00603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Malcolm Waters,Globalization.London and New York:Alan Pred and Michael John Watts,Reworking Modernity: Capitalisms and Symbolic Discontent.Jeff Haynes,Religion in Third World Politics.Raoul Granqvist (ed.),Culture in Africa: An Appeal for Pluralism.D. Michael Warren, L. Jan Slikkerveer and David Brokensha (eds),The Cultural Dimension of Development: Indigenous Knowledge Systems.Judith Randel and Tony German (eds),The Reality of Aid 95: An Independent Review of International Aid.Maurice J. Williams and Parti L. Pretesch,Sustaining the Earth: Role of Multilateral Development Institutions.Joan M Nelson and Stephanie J. Eglinton,Global Goals, Contentious Means: Issues of Multiple Conditionality.Alan Rix,Japan's Foreign Aid Challenge: Policy Reform and Aid Leadership.R. Vos,Debt and Adjustment in the World Economy. Structural Asymmetries in North‐South Interactions.W. F. M. de Vries, G. P. den Bakker, M. B. G. Gircour, S. J. Keuning and A. Lenson (eds),The Value Added of National Accounting: Commemorating 50 Years of National Accounts in the Netherlands.Michael Cranna (ed.),The True Cost of Conflict.Raymond W. Copson,Africa's Wars and Prospects for Peace.Sharif Harir and Terje Tvedt (eds),Short‐Cut to Decay: The Case of the Sudan.John Walton and David Seddon,Free Markets and Food Riots: The Politics of Global Adjustment.Peter Gibbon (ed.),Social Change and Economic Reform in Africa.Amitava Mukherjee,Structural Adjustment Programme and Food Security—Hunger and Poverty in India.Tony KiUick (ed.),The Flexible Economy: Causes and Consequences of the Adaptability of National Economies.Howard Stein (ed.),Asian Industrialization and Africa: Studies in Policy Alternatives to Structural Adjustment.Jan Peter Wogart, Aasha Kapur Mehta and Arun Mehta,Technology and Competitiveness: The Case of Brazilian and Indian Machine Tools.Nicholas Maddock and Frank A. Wilson (eds),Project Design for Agricultural Development.John D. MacArthur and John Weiss (eds),Agriculture, Projects and Development. Papers in Honour of David Edwards.Alan Gilpin,Environmental Impact Assessment. Cutting Edge for the Twenty‐First Century.Laura Westra and Peter S. Wenz (eds),Faces of Environmental Racism: Confronting Issues of Global Justice.Gita Sen and Rachel C. Snow,Power and Decision: The Social Control of Reproduction.Isabella Bakker (ed.),The Strategic Silence: Gender and Economic Policy.Parvin Paidar,Women and the Political Process in Twentieth‐Century Iran.Sankar Kumar Bhaumik,Tenancy Relations and Agrarian Development: A Study of West Bengal.Pauline E. Peters,Dividing the Commons: Politics, Policy, and Culture in Botswana.Susan Eva Eckstein,Back from the Future: Cuba under Castro.Olga Nieuwenhuys,Children's Lifeworlds: Gender, Welfare and Labour in the Developing World.Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller,The Age of Migration.W. R. Böhning and L.‐L. Schloeter‐Paredes (eds),Aid in Place of Migration?Werner Sengenberger and Duncan Campbell (eds),International Labour Standards and Economic Interdependence: Essays in Commemoration of the 75th Anniversary of the International Labour Organisation and the 50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Philadelphia.Francis T. Seow,To Catch a Tartar: A Dissident in Lee Kuan Yew's Prison.Christopher Tremewan,The Political Economy of Social Control in Singapore.John Foran,Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from 1500 to

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1996.tb00604.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Books Received

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1996.tb00605.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY